Adolescence Essays (667 words) - Childhood, Criminology,

Adolescence Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1980) defines adolescence as the state or process of growing up; even more specifically, adolescence is also defined as the period of life from puberty to maturity terminating legally at the age of majority. Looking back on their adolescence, adults often conjure up grand memories, and laugh at their mistakes. Adolescence is a period in life that everyone must 'survive' in order to become an adult, although some go through it more turbulently than others. Falling approximately between the ages of 12 and 20, adolescence is characterized by physical changes leading to sexual maturity (Encyclopedia.com). Along with these obvious physical changes, more complex and hidden changes occur in an adolescent's attitude, outlook, and self-identity. Ultimately, the 'goal' of adolescence is to gain personal independence, and a sense of one's self. Although these physiological changes happen slowly, the environment has a great impact on how one's adolescent peri od will affect the person when they reach adulthood. Affective discipline at home, strong support groups, and a loving environment are all part of the key to surviving this difficult period and becoming a stronger person in the end. Many teenagers without the right combination of support factors in their lives can 'slip through the cracks' and discover a world more hostile than ever imagined. Our job as parents in today's society requires an understanding of this problematic time in a child's life, as well as regression into our own adolescence, to better prepare ourselves to raise the generations of tomorrow. Juvenile Delinquency is defined by Webster's as a status in a juvenile characterized by antisocial behavior that is beyond parental control and therefore subject to legal action as well as a violation of the law committed by a juvenile and not punishable by death or life imprisonment. In short, juvenile delinquency involves any criminal behavior committed by a minor. There is no question that there has been an increase in delinquent behavior since the days of our parents' adolescence. Activities such as 'rolling' neighbors' houses, egging mailboxes/windows, or graffiti on park benches has been replaced by more serious activities such as spray painting buildings, breaking and entering, or even early drug use. Today's juveniles do not seem to fear, or even respect authority as previous generations have. Lack of discipline in the home and a much more tolerant society is not help to a steadily increasing juvenile delinquency rate. An unstable home environment can draw teenagers to join gangs or engage in premarital sex, to name just a couple of 'acting out' behaviors. Children need to be taught at an early age not only the difference between right and wrong, but also the p ositive results attained from practicing respect and moral values. If parental guidance fails, or if an adolescent veers too far off the path, then usually outside forces will step in to the situation. Parens Patriae is literally defined as the state is the father (Juvenile Delinquency Theory, Practice and Law, 1994), and views juveniles' delinquent behavior as a need for action taken beyond parental control. This doctrine is intended to act in the best interest of a child in question, and enacts rehabilitative measures, rather than using harsh consequences. There are many differences surrounding each youth's misdirection, and this third party action is deemed necessary only when a guardian's discipline and/or consequences have failed to control the adolescent. It is stated that the Parens Patriae doctrine will give treatment rather than treating a child similar to an adult offender. Although treatment is considered the most effective method of rehabilitation in most cases, there are those juvenile offenders who are beyond control and whose cases are transferred to an adult court. The state will also take charge when a child has committed a status offense, or has been neglected and/or abused, even by their parents. The idea of 'the state being the father' encompasses all children, whether delinquent, handicapped, or mistreated. This doctrine protects a child's right to be guided and guarded. Sociology

Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology

Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Psychologists are tasked with the responsibility of explaining human behavior. It is common phenomenon to experience people who suffer from abnormal mental disorders such as hysteria and schizophrenia (Durand, 2010). Appreciating that the disorders exist is not enough. It is important for all psychologists, students and the society to understand abnormal psychology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This would be influential in addressing specific mental problems. Various models that explain the causes of abnormal psychology exist (Durand, 2010). This paper focuses on the historical perspectives of abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology is easily explained by use of three concepts namely; cultural and historical relativism, connection between mind and body and the principle of causality. It should be noted that abnormality is subject to c ultural and historical dynamics. People have suffered from mental disorders since time immemorial. Consequently, different society settings adopt varying strategies to cope with abnormal people. Primitive animism and spiritual theories assert that abnormal behavior is a form of animism (Hansell Damour, 2008). Abnormal people are considered to possess an evil spirit that triggers mental disturbance. In Ancient Greece, biological theories associated mental disorders with fluid imbalance. In view of this, four fluids namely blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow influenced human behavior. Black bile and yellow bile caused depression and anxiety respectively (Hansell Damour, 2008). A proper balance among the four fluids was necessary. This would be achieved through dietary and behavioral changes. The concept of the connection between mind and body appreciates the fact that the two components are inseparable in the understanding of abnormal psychology. The psychological and biological pa radigms are vitally important in the understanding of mental disorders (Hansell Damour, 2008). Whereas some disorders may be attributed to psychological causes, others may require the attention of both psychological and biological causes. In view of this, separating the two is misleading and unacceptable in psychology.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The principle of causality asserts that though theoretical perspectives overlap, the results so obtained complement each other. In view of this, each perspective contributes to the understanding of abnormal behavior (Durand, 2010). The interaction of precipitating causes and predisposing causes is a practical example. Whereas the former is the immediate trigger o an event, the latter is the underlying process that sets the stage for an event. Cases of alcoholism and schizophrenia require the understanding of both causes. The u se of the diathesis-stress model is paramount in examining the interaction of these causes (Durand, 2010). Several scientific perspectives have been proposed in the understanding of abnormal psychology. They include; biological, psychodynamic, humanistic, existential, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives. Biological perspectives are concerned with the abnormal biochemical functioning of the brain. Genetic and environmental factors cause these abnormalities. Family pedigree studies and adoption studies aim at checking the likelihood of abnormal mental condition being transferred from one generation to the next (Hansell Damour, 2008). In view of this, any biological treatment aims at improving the neurotransmission system. Psychodynamic perspective is concerned with unconscious motives, thoughts, feelings and childhood experiences. Sigmund Freud developed the structural model of the human mind. He came up with three components namely; id (childhood desires), the superego (triggers choice between right and wrong) and ego (reconciles the id and the superego). Psychodynamic therapies enable people to overcome their mental problems through mastery of conflicts (Hansell Damour, 2008). Humanistic explanations emphasize on the need to restore self regard. Interpersonal connection, human freedom and personal choices for emotional well being are all important in the treatment of mental disorders. Person centered therapy is important in building self esteem and self actualization (Durand, 2010). Existentialists associate emotional health with the ability to face facts in a responsible manner. People who fail to accept these facts end up developing emotional disorders (Durand, 2010). Consequently, they become inauthentic (untrue to themselves) and depressed.In view of this, treatment interventions aim at encouraging the clients to take responsibility in all instances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psycholo gy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Behavioral perspectives assert that behavior is learned. Normal or abnormal behavior is as a result of classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social modeling (Hansell Damour, 2008). The conditionings are based on mental associations, reinforcement and punishment and imitation respectively. Treatment interventions focus on eliminating maladaptive and abnormal behaviors. Conditioning and modeling techniques are often used. Cognitive perspectives are concerned with how beliefs and thoughts impact on human behavior. The latter is usually influenced by cognitive schemas (Hansell Damour, 2008). In view of this, people respond differently to circumstances. For instance, a person who ails an exam may get the compulsion to work harder. On the contrary, another person may be depressed. Realistic and constructive thinking is necessary for treatment of abnormal mental condition. In conclusion, it is worthw hile to note that abnormal psychology is common phenomenon. In addition, it cannot be understood using one perspective. The adoption of the three concepts; cultural and historical relativism, connection between mind and body and the principle of causality are necessary. Historical relativism proposes the animism and spiritual theories. The connection between mind and body emphasizes on the need to incorporate both psychological and biological paradigms in the understanding of abnormal psychology. The principle of causality focuses on appreciating the diversity and complementary advantage that different perspectives have. Several scientific perspectives explain the causes of abnormal mental conditions. They are; biological, psychodynamic, humanistic, existential, behavioral and cognitive perspectives. References Durand, V. (2010). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology. Wadsworth/Cengage LearningAdvertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hansell, J. Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal Psychology. John Wiley Sons Inc.

Strategy management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategy management - Literature review Example However, this fact does not affect his performance. In fact, crafting is characterized by the detailed review of organizational problems, allowing for more precise managerial decisions compared to common methods of strategic decision making, where there is the risk of generic assumptions. This advantage of crafting towards other methods of strategic decision making is made clear through the following statement of Mintzberg: manager as a craftsman ‘has to craft his strategy as a potter has to manage her craft’ (Mintzberg 1988, p.73). Another characteristic of the manager who acts as a craftsman is that he is able to use his critical thinking on a constant basis – even when executing a task using his hands (Mintzberg 1988, p.78); this potential for simultaneous use of mind and hands is an advantage of the manager who acts as a craftsman. The view of Mintzberg that the manager is a craftsman, is in opposition with the view of Miller et al. (2005) who noted that strategic decision making is based on intuition; when being used for decision making in organizations, intuition may have two different forms: it could be either a holistic hunch or an automated expertise (Miller et al. 2005, 22); in its first form, intuition is used in organizations where ‘exploration has been adopted as a goal’ (Miller et al. 2005, p.22-23); on the other hand, intuition in its second form can be identified in organizations that focus on ‘execution and building on past investments’ (Miller et al. 2005, p.22-23). At this point, it is assumed that these managers prefer to avoid focusing on details when having to develop critical strategic decisions (ignoring the theory of manager as a craftsman, as stated by Mintzberg, 1987) considering their intuition as more appropriate criterion for the development of effective strategic decisions. The use of the theory of Mintzberg for

Companies with Similar Gross Profit Figures and Different Net Assignment - 4

Companies with Similar Gross Profit Figures and Different Net Operating Income - Assignment Example There are four levels of profit and profit margins- gross profit, operating profit, pre-tax profit, and net profit. The term â€Å"margin† can apply to the absolute number for a given profit level and/or the number as a percentage of net sales/revenue. Profit margin analysis uses the percentage calculation to provide a comprehensive measure of a company’s profitability on a historical basis (3-5 years) and in comparison to peer companies and industry benchmarks. Another online resource tells how to calculate operating margin. According to the Allstarsstock online, Key measurement of the financial strength, by Walden, G â€Å"Operating income / total revenue= operating margin.† Hence, from the above references, we can easily abstract the impact of operating margin on the overall operating income of the company. Therefore, two companies having the same gross profit can also have different operating income. Thinking of personal skill as the products and selling them in the market is just like selling your company’s products in the market or sometimes you can purse for new market opportunities. According to the book by Chaudhry, A. The Craft of selling yourself. 2009, â€Å"Job hunting is similar to selling anything. It’s selling of one’s skills, ideas, time, talent, energies, and expertise. It’s like being available for value addition as any other product does; and in return, you get paid in cash and kind.†Ã‚  Therefore, in order to hunt new market opportunities, we have to enhance our skills as well look for the new opportunities created in the market. All we need to take crucial steps towards our career path planning. It is very vital to achieving a certain level in society, which is considered as or you can say most suitable for us while considering our overall qualifications and skills we are having. In order to achieve the target market in terms of new market opportunities in regards to career planning, we should take a look at the latest happenings and current market situation. Therefore, according to the author of the book, managing your Career. 2010,† each one of us has the ability to control the path that our careers take. It requires that we truly self-aware so that we can identify what our own interests and passions are – what will truly make us happy in our career.†Ã‚   I do agree with the statement mentioned above, other than people like Warren Buffet and Bill Gates. According to the colloquium on tax policy and public break issued by New York University School of Law, Tax deductions for charitable contributions: domestic activities, foreign activities, or none of above, 2011, â€Å"Warren Buffet, Bill Gates, and a bevy of other billionaires have pledged to give half of their wealth for charitable purposes.† This statement shows that the topmost billionaires in the United States are giving more than half of their overall wealth for charitable purpo ses. Nevertheless, in most cases, the above statement is quite right.

How Does a Rational Investor Build the Optimal Portfolio and Should Term Paper

How Does a Rational Investor Build the Optimal Portfolio and Should International Securities Be Added to That - Term Paper Example Investors are therefore supposed to keep one of the optimal portfolios on the effective level and the rest to adjust to the market risk. The latter is reached through the leverage or de-leverage of that portfolio with positions in a risk-free investment such as government bonds. The following paper presents the utility of the MPT for contemporary decision making. The objective of the investor is discussed to find an efficient allocation of assets and liabilities which implies investor's balance and efficiency of an investment. Active portfolio managers constantly buy and sell a great number of common stocks. Their job is to try to keep their clients satisfied, and that means consistently outperforming the market so that on any given day, if a client applies the obvious measuring stick-"How is my portfolio doing compared to the market overall"-the answer is positive and the client leaves her money in the fund. To keep on top, active managers try to predict what will happen with stocks in the coming six months and continually churn the portfolio, hoping to take advantage of their predictions. On average, today's common stock mutual funds own more than one hundred stocks and generate turnover ratios of 80 per cent (Lewis, Mizen 2000). Index investing, on the other hand, is a buy-and-hold passive approach. It involves assembling, and then holding, a broadly diversified portfolio of common stocks deliberately designed to mimic the behaviour of a specific benchmark index, such as the Standard & Poor's 500 Price Index (S&P 500).Compared to active management, index investing is somewhat new and far less common.

Clothing And Female Self Image Cultural Studies Essay

Clothing And Female Self Image Cultural Studies Essay A womans physical appearance, size and shape form part of her body image. Body image is a very important aspect of physical appearance. A woman is intimately linked to her sense of self so much so that her body attitude spills over into self attitude. A large factor in the way we perceive the female body is that of clothing. Through clothing we create an image that grounds the initial impression you form in society. The study also states that a womans physical appearance, size and shape are part of her body image. Body image is an extremely important aspect of physiological and interpersonal development of the person (Farinah 2005:19). Kaiser (1999: 97) states that one fact of human beings is that they have bodies and they are bodies, the body is similar to a vehicle for carrying around ones thoughts, feelings and perceptions. Clothing makes up for a substantial part of a womans self image, and can very easily be misjudged seeing as some clothing has the potential to enhance flaws on ones body. BACKGROUND 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT Kaiser (1997:97). states that the way females perceive their bodies are related to social, cultural and historical contexts and influenced by gender as well as other aspects. We can alter the appearances of our bodies through diet, exercise and clothing choices (Li M: 2003 pg). How can women change their appearance without drastic interference with their bodies? Research done by the National Textile Centre(1999:2) stated that according to Labat and Delong, female consumers feel personally inadequate when clothing do not fit appropriately, they tend to blame themselves and feel negatively towards their bodies more willingly than the ill-fitted clothing. According to Simmons, Istook and Devarajan (2002:2) despite of standard sizing systems used, they are almost all based on a myth that we as humans all have mathematically proportional bodies that grow in proportional ways. Body Shapes are classified in 5 groups, the Hourglass body shape, Rectangle body shape, Pear body shape and Apple body Shape. According to McCormack () the fashion industry is ignoring the changing shapes of womens bodies. To get the most out of your image, it is good to know what to wear for your specific body type. This allows one to choose more flattering clothing for your figure and avoid clothing that does not enhance the way you look (What to Wear for Your Body Shape LoveToKnow Womens Fashion.mht) The National Textile Centre Annual Report (1999: 3) informs us that clothing is a very important aspect of our body image, the clothes that we wear reflects our character and personality and helps to constitute our image. Grose (2009:8) reveals that, a cultural ideal body image is an idea created by society through relationships, public figures and media. Kaiser (1999: 98) states that clothing may be perceived differently by individuals in relation to body image. For instance a female may buy a large jacket to wear over dresses with the purpose of hiding parts that she sees as flawed. The fashion industry is ignoring the changing of shapes of womens bodies, designers manufacturers insist on making clothes that fit the traditional hourglass figure, when womens shapes are more likely to be top-heavy, rectangular or pear shaped. Helen McCormack. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Whats the historical perspective on womens body shape? What are the factors that influence womens knowledge on their body shapes and choice of clothing? How does clothing and body affect consumers choices about purchasing and wearing? How can women change their appearance without drastic interference with their bodies? Through these questions asked, the researcher will be able to examine SA woman in terms of understanding varied body shape in relation to clothing and its characteristics. OBJECTIVES The research aims to: Identify the historical perspective on womens body shape. Investigate the factors that influence womens knowledge on their body shape and choice of clothing. Discover how clothing and body affect consumers choices about purchasing and wearing. Determine how women can change their appearance without drastic interference with their bodies. This research will establish if SA women have the knowledge on their body types and educate them on how to determine their shape and how to dress accordingly. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.6.1 RESEARCH DESIGN The quantitative research methodology will be used. Quantitative research is the systematic scientific investigation of quantitative quantities and phenomena and their relationships. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical methods, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. (www.Wikipedia.com ) A quantitative research method is chosen for the reason that the study requires more statistical answers than personal experiences. The study tends to find out if SA woman understand varied body shapes, their own shape and other related enquires. Through a quantitative study the researcher can determine the quantity of women that is in need of advice and knowledge on the mattered subject. 1.6.2 POPULATTION AND SAMPLING The population for the research will focus on South African Females from Pretoria. The researcher will select three groups of individual women with different body shapes, ethnicity and fashion style. This sample will be divided into three groups as follows: Group one: aged between 18 25, students from TUT Arts campus and The University of Pretoria. Group two: aged between 25-40, women in a working environment office? Group three: aged between 41-50 women in a working environment or retired? By creating a sample group that consists of female candidates no more than fifteen. Sampling? These groups were chosen as it is imperative stages in a womans career and life as she starts studying at 18, her career takes flight at 25 and she looks into retirement at age 50. 1.6.3 DATA COLLECTION These three groups will be asked several questions in connection with the research questions previously mentioned. This process will occur by the use of answering questionnaires as research instrument. These questionnaires will consists of a list of questions that enquires information on ideal body shapes personal body complexions, clothing in terms of body image and knowledge of clothing sought. Structured questions will be used on the target group to compile a diversity of answers. The questions will be coded and analyzed. 1.6.4 DATA ANALYSIS Firstly classify academic information, then arrange the data and lastly describe information. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research, 2006) LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS Only South African woman living in (suburb) and city can partake in the study. No males can take part. South Africa is multi-cultural. This factor will be ignored. Culture has an impact on womens lifestyle, spending habits and fashion. Although religion has a impact on fashion, but for the researcher chose to ignore it in this study. Culture (race) also has an impact on fashion but it will also be ignored in this study. Womans income will have an impact on the amount they spend on clothing. This will have an impact on the study. Age. Womans age will be considered in this study; because it has an impact on the way they dress and where they buy clothing as well as the amount spend monthly. Location. Women that stay inner city dress differently from women that stays in a small town or on a farm. Interests. Women with an interest in fashion will spend more on clothing than those women that has other priorities. Career. The environment women work in has a deciding factor to the way they dress. Business women will dress differently from a house wife or a cleaner. 1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Women complain about not looking at their best for the reason that clothes do not fit correctly or enhances flaws. Not all women were born with the ideal body shape or have the time or patience to achieve it. As the researcher my aim and objective is to alert women of the illusions that can be created with clothing to make believe that one has the ideal body shape and that through clothing flaws can be minimized instead of enhanced with the correct knowledge of body analysis and characteristics. In the previous chapter, the introduction and background was discussed. In chapter two the literature review will be discussed, 2.1 Literature Study 2.1.1 Introduction The human race is relentlessly yearning for modifications, from facelifts to haircuts, to slimming pantyhose to liposuction. Everybody seeks improvement for what they are. At one time or another, is there one part of the body that has not, been improved through artifice?(Gross Stone,1994:23 What size should I be?(Farinah 2005:1) A common individual question asked. A persons self image is frequently developed from what people say about her. De Villiers researched, that 60% of the value judgement is completed within the first 60 seconds. You almost never obtain a second option to create a first impression (Farinah 2009:16). Farinah(2009:19) mentioned that body image is a extremely significant aspect of psychological and interpersonal growth of the person, numerous women believe the more attractive they are, the more society will accept them. Throughout history societies have focused on beauty and body shape (Grose 2009:3). Several ancient cultures embellished body parts weve long ignored; Gross and Stone refers to aristocratic Egyptian woman, who would delineate, with a bright blue plant dye, the veins on their breast. Beauty is truth, truth beauty (Keats as quoted by Gross and Stone2009:23), nevertheless, a great deal of what creates physical beauty in civilization engages bending the truth modestly. 2.1.2 Historic Perspective According to Ensler (2006: 14) women are since the beginning of time obsessed about how they look. As a consequence there are historical disparities in the ideal body, (Kaiser 1997: 110) and the shape and size of the mentioned body has been varying for decades (National textile annual report1999: 2).Kaiser explains that during the fifteenth-century European women attempted a pregnant like facade, seeing that fertility was of social importance, subsequent to the plague that desolated Europe. The Arnolfi Wedding 1434, Jan van Eyck. The fruitful image was attained by the use of stuffing e.g. a pillow underneath a very full gown, to creating the appearance of a rounded stomach (Kaiser; 1997: 110). It is noted in the National textile report (1999:2) that women in the eighteenth century were traditionally pear shaped. Throughout the early nineteenth century, women in art and fashion were portrayed with tapered arms and drawn waists (Kaiser 1997: 110). In addition the American paradigm for the female body had progressed from a rectangular shape, to a bell form, to an hourglass figure in the late nineteenth century( National textile report 1999:2).From the twentieth century the ideal female body became rectangular and very slender national textile report (1999:2) The 1920s depicted the boy like figure as an ideal and in order to achieve this look, a teddy was worn underneath sheath like dresses to flatten the breasts (Kaiser 1997:115). Whilst the 1920s fashions reduced the maternal bosom, by the 1950s voluptuous and curvaceous bodies were desired and achieved by the invention of the padded bra (Kaiser 1997:115). The hourglass shape revisited as ideal and was exemplify by Marilyn Monroe, (National textile REPORT 1999:2). At the end of the sixties era, the ideal became a very slim body. (Kaiser 1997:115). The thin is in concept appears to have triumphed since the sixties; but it did not suffice just to accommodate a thin body. In the eighties a new ideal came to light when muscle toned bodies highlighted a thin physique. The nineties conveyed a thin waif like appearance and the latter of the nineties portrayed an ideal figure as slim with body tone. (Nati onal textile 1999:2). 2.1.2.1 The Corseted Women 1880s-1909 Throughout 2.1.3Factors influencing womens knowledge on body Seeing that the body ideal revolutionize over time, civilization changes how it is evaluating its individual image to the developing media representations of perfection (Grose, 2009:9).The National Textile Report (1999:3) researched that Labat and DeLong (1990) established that external factors that has affect on fit consists of societal messages concerning the ideal body, the fashion industrys portrayal of an idealized figure and industry sizing systems. On a more intimate level, individuals employ their bodies as an indicator for self assessment. Bodies recline at the core of many social and political brawls (Kaiser 1997:98). Frustration with fit can also be attributed to numerous of issues that have changed the average body types: watching ones weight, exercising and performance, inconsistent growth rates in alternative sections, dormant daily life and modifications in principles of masculinity and femininity.(Simmons, Istook and Devarajan 2004: 3) A study done by Grose indicates that research has been done in social and cultural aspects that add to the structure of an ideal body image. A lot of these researchers concur that western society prefers a thin body image. Mass media then corresponds this image. The thin ideal body image is found in beauty and fashion magazines, television programming and Internet sites. (Grose, 2009:3) It is unlikely to browse through a magazine without being infiltrated by images of the ideal body type (Grose, 2009: 3) Female Magazines are generally entirely dominated by pictures of faultless idealised bodies (Blood, 65). Rarely it is found that real bodies i.e. non model and/or non-made-up bodies are flaunted in these magazines, apart from makeover articles, which usually indicates exactly how products is the solution to difficulties females have with flawed body parts. (Blood, 65) An ideal body type in cultures is said to be propagated by the media, through displays of thin models and celebrities in photos and script on ways to acquire the perfect look.(Grose 2009: 8) . The most popular subject on television, in female magazines and advertising, is beauty. Research that has been done in this category, propose that from 400 to 600 to more than 3000 advertisements is seen per day. This also implies that at least 56 percent of commercials focused on women, articulate about beauty. Magazine readers are offered with tips from major fashion and womens magazines on how to look great by swimsuit season, how to get tighter thighs in one week, how to use makeup to camouflage wrinkles and how to look like a favourite star. (Lagnado as said by grose, 2004:3) New types of media surface in todays constantly changing technological world, discovering the latest techniques on to convoy messages of the thin ideal body image. (Grose 2009:4) Investigations imply an optimistic relationship between media utilization and the intensity of body image approval. (Grose, 2009:4) girls are urged to analyse their appearance in order to turn into a revelation of true femininity, by fashion and beauty magazines (Grose, 2009:6). Another way body image is calculated is the approach a person measures themselves to her peers and by the steps Body image is also calculated by the way a person compares herself to others and by the steps taken to manipulate ones body to achieve a standard set forth by a force in society, such as eating and exercise habits. (Grose 2009:8, 9) An accepted social ideal body image is an initiative fashioned through media, community people and relationships, by society. Nevertheless, a subjects own body image is instituted internally. (Grose 2009:9) Body image is not only the manner in which we are prejudiced by the constructive and unconstructive criticism of others but also the way we ourselves have professed our own bodies to fit or not fit the cultural ideal(Farinah2005:2). It is also calculated by the steps taken to engineer ones body to attain a paradigm set forth by vigour in society, such as eating and exercise behaviour, and the way an individual matches herself to others. (Grose 2009:8, 9) The theory on social comparison deliberates that individuals ascertain their individuality and body image through constructing judgment between themselves and others.(Grose 2009:12). The looks of other people is deflect through womens recollections of exacting occasions and their fictional projections of how others may see them. (Woodward 2007:3) Our self image symbolizes a very important constituent of the physical self and influences our judgments about ourselves. (Kaiser 1997:98) Many consumers, predominantly female, consider themselves somewhat personally insufficient when clothes do not fit appropriately, as a consequence of sizing discrepancy.(national textile report 1999:2) Rather than blaming poorly fitted clothing consumers guilt themselves and have unenthusiastic feelings toward their own bodies (Labat and Delong 1990) (national textile report,1999:2) A familiar subject in print media is that body image is intimately associated to self admiration, psychological wellbeing, eating behaviour and exercise routines; it is both illustrated in photographs or as displayed measure in articles. (Grose 2009:8) When gazing in the mirror it is an alliance of the personal and the generic, as women judge their own clothed bodies in light of wider social principles and expectations.(Woodward 2007:83). One of the most familiar medical disorders amongst females is weight fixation, the problem commences from a divergence between the cultural supreme and the actuality of being a woman (Kaiser 1997:124). stages of body discontent are calculated in studies interested about the result of the media on body image, while overestimation of body image is more closely related to studies primarily dealing with eating disorders. (Holmstrom 2004) (9)

Far From The Madding Crowd :: essays research papers

Thomas Hardy Far From The Madding Crowd centers around the beautiful Bathsheba Everdene, and the three who love her and try to win her over. Gabriel Oak, Mr. Boldwood, and Sergeant Francis Troy find them selves intertwined in their quest to win Bathsheba. Bathsheba is headstrong, feminine, and beautiful. She inherits her uncle’s farm, and tries to run it herself. As all of theme were farmers, they didn’t think that she cold do it. Although she had a few things go wrong like fires she overall handles her farm very well and became a good farmer. But, her love life was something else. She had three men after her at the same time. The first suitor she met was Gabriel Oak. Farmer Oak was dependable and caring and wise. Without him, Bathsheba couldn’t have taken care of the farm. Oak did have his own sheep, but they were killed in a freak accident when they ran off a cliff. Oak is â€Å"one with nature.† He knew just by looking at his she’s tails that it was going to rain. He would do anything for Bathsheba (and he did), even thought she denied his first attempt at marriage. In the end thought, Bathsheba did marry Oak. Troy first met Bathsheba as they were walking through the woods. Bathsheba became tangled in the brambles with Troy. He made a few comments to her about how lovely se was and how he would love to stay tangled up with her. Instantly, Bathsheba was in love. Little did she know that Troy was deeply in love with a girl named Fanny Robbins, who was a maid of Bathsheba’s. Troy ended up marrying Bathsheba, but it was a bad marriage and didn’t last for long. Bathsheba was in love with Troy’s image and he loved her for her money and appearance. The final straw for their marriage was when Fanny died. Troy lost his true love, an unborn child, and in the end, his own life. Ironically, his death was by the hands of Bathsheba’s suitor Boldwood. Boldwood was introduced to Bathsheba when she sent him a valentine. Soon, his pleasure turned to obsession for Bathsheba. She constantly denied his advances, but he wouldn’t give up. Boldwood eventually found himself on the brink of insanity. When Troy returned, after allowing everyone to believe that he had drowned, Boldwood became enraged when he tried to take Bathsheba away.

Challenging the Pedagogy of the Oppressed Essay

The essay, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, discusses how we can be humanized. According to Paulo Freire, oppression dehumanizes both the oppressed and the oppressor. This is because due to oppression, the oppressed is reduced to being a thing, deprived of its rights and freedom. It comes to a point that even the oppressed believe that they are not worth anything. The oppressors are also dehumanized because in the process of subduing the oppressed, they treat the oppressed as things to be overpowered. The oppressed to them are no longer humans, because they do not have the same rights as the oppressors have. Therefore, according to Freire, liberation must come from the oppressed: they must free themselves. This is because the oppressors cannot give true liberation; this is a type of false generosity. Since both are of different classes, they have different interests. Therefore, if the oppressor gives liberty, the oppressed is risking a lot more than the oppressor if they take the offer. The oppressor is giving liberty on its own terms: it will only give what it is willing to give, and not what is right. For the oppressed to be truly free, they must gain freedom by themselves. They must do this through their own efforts. Now, according to Freire, since the oppressed are so downtrodden that they cannot believe in themselves, they must be taught to believe in themselves because no one can save them but themselves. This can only be done through trusting in the abilities of the masses (the oppressed), as well as believing in the cause. Unlike the oppressors, one’s attitude must not be condescending towards the oppressed; one must treat them as equals, capable of learning. Unlike the oppressors, who learn abstract ideas inside classrooms, the oppressed learn concrete things outside. They are treated as unlearned because they are unable to have the same type of education those in power have obtained. Since this is the case, they must not be treated as charity cases, because they are not charity cases. Freire’s essay is very interesting, to say the least. The concept of humans abusing each other is not exactly novel, but the concept of empowering each other to attain freedom, juxtaposed with what love really is, is innovative. These concepts were connected by Freire. As part of the privileged class, Freire puts responsibility upon my shoulders. Instead of making me feel guilty because of my status, he points out that I can be part of change. My status is not important; only my commitment is. Which is why it is my responsibility to be part of the movement to change the system wherein society is divided into the privileged and the poor. This ideology is comparable to Daniel Defoe’s Education of Women. He talks about educating women in a special school designed to teach them certain subjects. Unlike Freire though, Defoe talks of an education solely for women. This means that men receive a very different kind of education. The curriculum, of course, is decided upon by men. Frerie’s though, talks of an education everyone receives. Also, Frerie does not talk of passive students; he is talking of a kind of education where students interact with the teacher. This is based upon the the concept that the teacher has as much to learn from the students, as the students have as much to learn from the teacher. In effect, the students mold their education as they learn. Defoe mentions no such thing. It is as if the students will forever rely on the teacher, and that the students are teachers are not equals. Which is revolutionary, actually. It has been inculcated in us that teachers are at a higher position than us. The platforms in front of classrooms emphasize this fact. We are taught to learn from them because they know so much more than us. We are made to feel as if we are blank slates, or even empty sponges. But this is not true. We are, before becoming students, children of life. We explore the world outside, and come up with answers to explain our questions. Just as the oppressed are experienced, so are we. We have a lot to contribute to the class, much more, as we can combine our kaleidoscope of experiences and contrast it against the teacher’s. Freire also redefined teaching as merely imparting information. Freire goes beyond this to discuss humanizing people. After all, teaching is not about making robots. It is about imparting a part of yourself, sharing a piece of your soul. Freire exposes how education is used to alienate people, and then instructs how it can be redeemed. We can redeem ourselves, to turn away from the bestiality this system enforces upon us. Freire exposes how large the system we are fighting, but at the same time, leaves hope that we can transform it. And this is the challenge Friere leaves us.

Free Essays on Jordanian

A Jordanian-born college student held for three months in connection with the investigation of the September 11 attacks was released Thursday after posting $500,000 bail on charges he lied to a federal grand jury. Osama Awadallah, 21, a permanent U.S. resident who has lived in San Diego for three years, left a federal courthouse with his attorney without commenting. Attorney Jesse Berman said his client had nothing to do with the September 11 attacks. Prosecutors say Awadallah acknowledged before a grand jury he knew two of the men who hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 and steered it into the Pentagon. According to the indictment, Awadallah's name was also on a scrap of paper found in the car Pentagon hijacker Nawaf Al Hazmi abandoned at Washington Dulles International Airport. The indictment also says Awadallah admitted knowing Khalid Almidhar, another of the Flight 77 hijackers. Leaving court Thursday, Berman said his client was tortured while jailed at Manhattan's Metropolitan Correctional Center. He said Awadallah was kicked and beaten and forced to look at an American flag. He said his cell was flooded so he could not say his Muslim prayers. "We've detailed in our motion papers the torture he's been put through the past three months," Berman said. Awadallah's family helped raise his bail with the support of the Muslim community in San Diego. His brother put up his 1971 Ford ice cream truck as collateral. Awadallah, wearing a blue warm-up suit when he left court, was to fly to San Diego Friday morning to be with his family for the end of the Muslim holy month Ramadan. Awadallah was indicted in October on charges he made false statements to a federal grand jury in New York hearing evidence in the investigation of the attacks. In testimony October 10, Awadallah conceded seeing Al Hazmi about 35 to 40 times in he San Diego area between April 2000 and January 2001 at Awadallah's previous wo... Free Essays on Jordanian Free Essays on Jordanian A Jordanian-born college student held for three months in connection with the investigation of the September 11 attacks was released Thursday after posting $500,000 bail on charges he lied to a federal grand jury. Osama Awadallah, 21, a permanent U.S. resident who has lived in San Diego for three years, left a federal courthouse with his attorney without commenting. Attorney Jesse Berman said his client had nothing to do with the September 11 attacks. Prosecutors say Awadallah acknowledged before a grand jury he knew two of the men who hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 and steered it into the Pentagon. According to the indictment, Awadallah's name was also on a scrap of paper found in the car Pentagon hijacker Nawaf Al Hazmi abandoned at Washington Dulles International Airport. The indictment also says Awadallah admitted knowing Khalid Almidhar, another of the Flight 77 hijackers. Leaving court Thursday, Berman said his client was tortured while jailed at Manhattan's Metropolitan Correctional Center. He said Awadallah was kicked and beaten and forced to look at an American flag. He said his cell was flooded so he could not say his Muslim prayers. "We've detailed in our motion papers the torture he's been put through the past three months," Berman said. Awadallah's family helped raise his bail with the support of the Muslim community in San Diego. His brother put up his 1971 Ford ice cream truck as collateral. Awadallah, wearing a blue warm-up suit when he left court, was to fly to San Diego Friday morning to be with his family for the end of the Muslim holy month Ramadan. Awadallah was indicted in October on charges he made false statements to a federal grand jury in New York hearing evidence in the investigation of the attacks. In testimony October 10, Awadallah conceded seeing Al Hazmi about 35 to 40 times in he San Diego area between April 2000 and January 2001 at Awadallah's previous wo...

Michael Graves Essays - Michael Graves, Alessi, Modern Architecture

Michael Graves Essays - Michael Graves, Alessi, Modern Architecture Michael Graves Michael Graves Michael Graves, born the summer or 1934 in Indianapolis, knew he wanted to be an artist by the age of six. Encouraged by his mother to seek a more practical career, Graves choose architecture. After studying at the University of Connecticut, he got his master's degree at Harvard University. After finishing school in 1959, he moved to New York City where he worked at the office of George Nelson. While working in New York, Graves received a fellowship to study at American Academy in Rome, Italy. Graves studied the classical architecture, which inspires much of his work. It was his time in Rome that allowed him to make the connection between ancient and modern architecture. In 1962, Graves started teaching architecture at Princeton University. He designed buildings upon commission, but not until 1977 did his work become nationally know. Graves received a commission for a cultural center spanning the Red River on the Minnesota/North Dakota border. Although lack of funding never allowed his design to be built, he gained a lot of attention. Graves' next project, the Portland Building, is a fifteen story postmodernist skyscraper. It can be defined this way because of its unusual use of color. There is also a reference to Greek columns on the facade of the building. As more commissions followed, Graves began his own design studio in Princeton. As a privileged member of the designers at this studio, I can witness the process of Graves' design. His firm is split into teams of designers. There are the interior and architectural designers in one building and the industrial designers in a separate studio. Michael and the team leaders primarily plan each project out. The teams then develop the project. Computer drawings are then sent to the modelers and painters. The atmosphere at the Graves studio is extremely laid back, but professional. For example there are several dogs roaming around the studios, but the conference rooms double as display rooms for Michael's previous projects and libraries. There are several reasons why Michael Graves is considered a post-modernist. The typical modernist based their designs on structure and technology and used plain surfaces such as glass and steel. Graves' designs are decorative and use natural materials. The colors used for most of Graves' designs are gray, soft blues, green stucco, and terra cotta. These colors add human qualities to the design. In an essay by Ivan Zurich, the classification of Graves' design is discussed. Is Graves a modern architect, a post-modern, a late modern, an eclectic, or a classicist? He would answer: I am just an architect. 'I don't care what people call me,' he says in response to the publicity; 'labels have the negative value of making smaller boundaries for people.' The Team Disney Building is Burbank, California was built in 1991 as Graves' first project for Disney. One face of the building uses seven 19-foot dwarfs as columns. These characters from Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs reference Greek columns in a playful manner. This side also has a pediment structure. The roof on the opposing side of the building has semicircular arches. These may be referencing gothic vaulted ceilings. The large glass plain walls of the building are typical modernist design, but they are colored terra cotta. The Engineering research Center at the University of Cincinnati was completed in 1995. At first observation, this building seems to be four separate rectangular buildings connected perpendicularly by a structure with a semicircular roof. The four extruding buildings have many rectangular features. The setback connecting structure has circular windows. These few circular elements make the building less like a modernist box. The main entrance building has columns which reference Greek architecture. The most recent nationally acclaimed design by Graves is the scaffolding on the Washington Monument. The scaffolding contains 37 miles of aluminum that drape over the obelisk. Standing 575 feet tall, Graves uses nylon fabric and 800 lights to illuminate the monument at night. The original purpose of the scaffolding was to aid workers as they repaired and cleaned the national monument, but it has become an artwork in itself. There is currently a bidding war over the deconstructed scaffolding to have it resurrected as a

International Relations and International Oganization Research Paper

International Relations and International Oganization - Research Paper Example Scholars find it hard to disown one of two competing subjects as each variable reflects distinct reasons for the competition2. Different global organizations formed by unification of states and the human thought are vital to resolve these issues before they create bad implications to both parties or one of them. Human beings often show competition over available resources, a factor which eventually stirs enmity and long-term dissatisfaction of the party that property loses its bid in the struggle3. Therefore, an intense purpose of the study shall establish the endeavors that several international organizations engage purporting to disintegrate power to an extent that curbs hostilities and ensures that all relations among nations serve the ethical interests of the majority group. The study shall reflect on the arguments encompassed in different articles presenting international organizations’ involvement in global relations and the intrinsic values that they often create thereof4. For example, war crimes reflect a daily rise from continent to continent and between neighboring nations thus; the approach shall implement the specific concerns of these atrocities, reflect on the prevailing interests or conflicting situations, and determine the result after involvement of an independent in ternational organization5. The continuous rate of interdependence among the global economies is a key stimulating factor to the relations among those nations. For instance, a nation that depends on another for the market of its commodities or the supply of raw materials shall focus on ensuring that these relations coexist almost eternally, and shall ensure that all conflicts surrounding that nation of interest do not injure the economic progression. Therefore, the statement of purpose in this context reflects on the international organizations

The pressure and the result Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The pressure and the result - Research Paper Example The resistance in these areas can be attributed to the rebel groups retaliating to the violence and the unfair treatment that their governments get from the US, especially in terms of the control of valuable resources such as oil deposits. Also, the passive nature of the US government in providing sanctions with regards to its own citizens in insulting and mocking other cultures caused the deaths of one of its ambassadors to Libya. This goes to show that while the US government keeps controlling the OPEC’s in a dehumanizing way bloodshed will not stop in these countries. It would be of best interest in both parties that the US government recognize the ability of these Middle Eastern countries in settling their own disputes, educate its citizens in the human rights that the Middle Eastern populations deserve, as well as not branding all Muslims as terrorists, and adjust their policies on the OPEC’s. The Results of Western Pressures on Middle Eastern Countries The US has been known to have major control over the oil-producing countries in the Middle East since around the years a bit before and after the end of the Second World War, and this control has extended even beyond the oil refineries and into the socio-political environment of these countries. Initially taking over these petroleum-producing countries started out as a task that was handed out by former European empires such as the French and the British monarchies, due to their losing ground in seizing full control of the petroleum industries of the countries that handle and export them (Huntington, 1993, p. 31). However, when the prospect of getting hold of the world’s large suppliers of petroleum and other by-products gave the policy-makers in the US ideas of having power over them, it occurred to them that it was possible not just to take hold over the flow of the petroleum products but also manipulating the leaders in these countries in creating policies that would mostly benefit t he US, but without covertly seizing hold of the countries themselves. When the US took hold of these oil refinery plants, it gave an idea to its leaders and the general public that because the country has control over these Organizations of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), they are also in control with the social and political environments in these countries, making the US their unofficial world police/peace negotiator/mediator, so far as OPEC’s are concerned. However, such views only added pressure to these countries, as well as undermining their own capacities to rule and prevent or solve conflicts within their adjacent countries and kingdoms (Forsyth, O'Boyle, & McDaniel, 2008, p. 816). In addition, through the eyes of the US citizens, the needs, ideas and traditions of the people living in these countries were deemed insignificant, making the Middle East countries seen only as a group of nations that cater to their large demand of petroleum products (Chomsky, 2004, p . 74). Dehumanizing these countries created pressure between the US and the OPEC’s, which became one of the roots of the seemingly-unending conflicts that not only affect the social and political stability in these nations, but also their moral standpoint as far as the rest of the world is concerned. The retaliation of these countries with regards to how the US maintains control over them and their natural resources became struggles that earned the reputation of Middle Eastern countries as rebels, tyrants, and even terrorists, which are in reality