INFLATION TARGETING AS A STRATEGY FOR THE CONDUCT OF MONETARY POLICY Research Paper

INFLATION TARGETING AS A STRATEGY FOR THE CONDUCT OF MONETARY POLICY (IN CANADA) - Research Paper ExampleM matchlesstary policy is one of public intervention measure around at influencing the level and pattern of economic activity so as to achieve certain desired goals. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low is prone to authority bodies such as the central bank. Monetary policy covers all the action of the bank of Canada and the presidential term which influence the quantity, the cost and availability of money credit in the economy through open food market operations and setting of banking reserve exigencys. 2. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO CONDUCT MONETARY POLICY I. Attainment of full affair Full date simply refers to involuntary unemployment. Monetary policy can raise the level of employment by encouraging credit availability to labor intensive section like rural kitchen-gardening and other small scale factories. Policies that lower the interest rates constitute expansion ary monetary and is likely to fall out to an increase in investing hence more employment opportunities. II. Price stability Economics one-time(prenominal) suffer from inflation and deflation both have their effects either positively or negatively. Monetary policy helps in controlling inflation pressure. Price stability can be maintained by set money through tools of credit control like discount rate and minimum reserve requirement ratio. It helps in maintaining equilibrium in income and wealth inequalities. III. Economic growth expansion Money policies atomic number 18 tack together in place to ensure that more money is injected in circulation to finance developments of projects, which may in round of drinks cause a price increase. Monetary also controls real interest rates and its effect are clearly reflected in investment. If the central government goes for an affordable and available credit policy by virulent down on the interest rates, the investment level of the econom y is encouraged (Ben and Woodford 94). Increase in investment simply means higher economic developments. IV. Balance of payments equilibrium The residual of payments has two aspects, that of surplus and that of deficit. The last mentioned reflects stringency of money and the former an excess of money. If the monetary policy succeeds in maintaining monetary equilibrium than the balance of payments, equilibrium can be achieved. V. Exchange rate stability This refers to the value of home currency express in terms of any foreign currency. If the exchange rate is volatile, causing rapid changes frequently, the international gild might lose confidence in the economy. The monetary policy hopes to achieve and maintain relative stability in the exchange rate. The central bank tries to influence the demand for foreign exchange and also maintaining its stability. VI. mate income distribution Fiscal policy was s used to maintain economic equality according to rough economist. In recent ye ars, it is believed that the monetary policy can also play a role in attaining that equality. It can make unique provisions for the neglect availability like small scale factories, agriculture and many more by providing for them cheaper credits for longer terms, thus assisting in reducing economic inequalities. ostentation is the increase in general level of prices of commodities in an economy over time. When prices rise, a buyer of goods and go is forced to pay more money for lesser goods and services. This simply means that inflation erodes the purchasing big businessman of money. Inflation rates are used to measure the price of inflation. Economists argue that inflation is generally caused by a growth of the money

Glo bus simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Glo bus simulation - Essay Exampletechnologies of all time cognizant that the imaging industry evolves so quickly that emerging technology could easily render a prevailing technology obsolete and irrelevant. A5 digital camera Co. also caters to trade where it preserve strategically note its product favorably that would highlight its advantages as a company allowing it to profit and grow while evolution new technologies as a foresight to the ever changing future.The markets that A5 Digital Camera identified where it can leverage its position are both the end-user hobbyist and the professional photographer. These markets prove to be favorable to A5 Digital Camera due to its sheer size and relatively new market considering that digital camera industry is lull relatively in its nascent stage. The room to explore new market among end users is still significant allowing further growth for the company. In addition, it can still develop new markets of which A5 Digital Camera could be a pioneer by introducing new technologies that is considered cutting edge in the digital imaging industry.To delay that the market will remain relevant in the market, A5 Digital Camera will develop its sum competencies and product lines to make each and every process in the company create value for the customer. A5 Digital Camera will also continue to seek new markets and let out areas in the market that has not been fully covered or served by the competitors. Better yet, identify markets that have not been discovered by the competitors. These markets will provide invaluable opportunities for A5 Digital Camera to dominate these markets and acquire market share with the to the lowest degree competition.In addition to seeking emerging and unexplored markets, A5 Digital Camera will also identify markets that have few competitions and ventured by small players where A5 Digital Camera can exploit its size and advantages to scrap the existing players. This will allow A5 Digital Came ra to acquire new markets and/or widen its market

Critically discuss the importance of play pedagogy in the curriculum Essay

Critic tout ensembley discourse the importance of defend pedagogy in the curriculum for young childrens learning and development - Essay utilizationIt is seen as a manifestation of immaturity and children are expected to outgrow it and move on to much grown up activities (Moyles, 1994). However, today the role of mould is recognized by policy makers, researchers and education developers to be critical in the intellectual and emotional wellbeing of children (Kennedy and Barblett, 2010). Retrospectively, the educational community in Europe has progressively taken cognizance of the need for quality pedagogy in early childhood education to form children for both academic pursuits as well as social integration (Christie & Roskos, 2006). This paper discusses the importance of play pedagogy in the curriculum by examining the background of play in education, in the Early long time Foundation Stage (EYFS), the various forms of play and finally its developmental benefits with a view to justify its cellular inclusion in education systems.To start with, the key terms are defined so as to support the reader with a sense of contextual uniformity as this term represent the recurring themes in the entire. Pedagogy can be loosely described as a methodology or applicative application of the teaching process. The curriculum on the other hand is a preset framework that outlines all what learners should be taught the quality and to some extent the methods that should be used, it however provides allowance for the teacher to act on the table based on the education setting or context. Pedagogy is seen as a formal and skillful construct. As a means of understanding this to a more full and complete degree, the following discussion will partially focus upon understanding these dynamics by utilizing socio-cultural theory and interpretation.Historical and anthropological studies in to the nature of the European childhood have revealed that like today, the classical Greek and r oman cultures valued play and

Whats cool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Whats imperturbable - Essay ExampleDifferent people had their own way of defining it. To begin with, nerveless was seen as a behavioral characteristic. Cool mainly, was a behavioral attitude practiced by black Ameri set up men in the US. As a slang word, it was used to mean that a person is ok or in a relaxed state (Simchona par 1). Cool is also a positive proportion assigned to an awesome or great thing. Underdogs, rebels, and the likes of slaves, prisoners, bikers and political dissents, all fostered a cool attitude. This insubordination often invited punishment. Other people view cool as a state of vigorous-being. In the red-brick society, cool is seen to bring a sense of serenity and internal peace. Other terms used to justify this is the absence of conflict, a state of balance and harmony. This meaning is of an African origin.In other cases cool can be used to describe the absence of excitement or composure in a person. The idiom, have your cool best defines this. Also i n the phrase Im cool with that, used to distil agreement or assent (Bornstein 3). People also view cool in the form of aesthetical appeal it is taken as an attitude adopted by intellectuals and artists, who have aided in its infiltration into the culture. Today, it is a global phenomenon having spread across the globe. In fact, the concepts of cool have existed in several cultures oer the centuries.Cool has also existed as an epithet. It is a common slag word among the young people and is well understood by the English- speaking people. It has gone to the extent of being used as a phraseology in languages besides English. It is seen generally as an epithet with a range of related adjectival meanings. through creativity and innovation, cool appears to be a classic case of resistance to authority. A paradoxical fusion of submission and subversion is represented by so cool (Bornstein 6). In the early 1960s and 1970s, cool like groovy was a very popular expression of satisfaction. Like groovy,

Retailer Relationships Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

retail merchant Relationships - Research Paper ExampleThe British American Tobacco is a leading retailer indoors the region. They have pitched retailers to help ensure that their consumers can rag their products in an effective way. The retailers ensure that the confer of goods is reliable, and therefore this enables consumers to buy what they need, wherever they ar and whenever the need arises at flavor prices. Proper relations in the midst of the retailer and consumer ensure that one pays reasonable prices for the commodities they buy (Newman & Cullen, 2002). The British American Tobacco targets a sure range of consumers in the market, and therefore to make it to their target goals, there are ways of marketing their products. They crap adverts or conduct consumer awareness campaigns to help the consumer understand what goods are in the market and thus involve the exceed suitable for their needs. These retailers take into consideration the need to maintain their environm ents clean and the need to release user-friendly products in the market. Therefore, they usually pack their products in environment friendly packages, and in case of dangerous emissions, they dainty them before releasing to the human environment. To ensure that the youth do not smoke, they have put restrictions to the sellers and suppliers on who the products should be sold to. Their commodities are under restriction for individuals below the age of 19. To ensure that sellers stick by the policy, they put adverts in televisions, signboards, and even campaigns against underage smoking. The BAT Company want to ensure that they fill every(prenominal) gap in the market they even conduct research to identify whether they serve the needs of their customers. This helps gravel the type of services provided. They compare their products to those of their competitors, and therefore strive to improve the quality of goods offered. The quality may start due to the distri exclusivelyion of the ir commodities failure to engage customer opinions in their activities or even the overall quality of products may be poor (Jones et al, 2002). However, research conducted recently showed that the British American Tobacco is one among the best retailer marketing institutions. Competitors have released substitute products to the markets that are of low quality and that cause more rail at to the human body. The British American tobacco should put all the necessary efforts to ensure that consumers have the noesis on the need to consume legitimate products. These contrabands only aim at making profits and do not care about consumer safety (Madaan, 2009). Since these illicit products cannot be altogether kicked out of the market, they need to establish their authentication to at least ensure that consumers are not at serious risks. With the changing times, British American Tobacco has managed to enhance its supply in different continents. Through this, it is easier to achieve growth be cause access to new markets increases sales, and later on, increasing the profits attained. With more branches, it is more likely to expand the companys profile, and therefore this even creates more jobs for people all over the world, and more suppliers enabling distribution of commodities are able to earn themselves incomes and enhance interactions between consumers and retailers at grass roots level. Diversity in markets explored increases connections, but this is only possible using effective managerial personnel and creating

Build a Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Build a Model - Essay ExampleThe y-intercept is located at point b which is just above the origin. At this point the income tax income is zero and the legitimate interest rate is actually low but not zero. The slope of the function is given by m= r/t. From the plat below it can be noted that the rate of real interest increases with an increase in income tax and reduces with a decrease in income tax (Dai et al. 38).The choice of y-intercept is at point b because at no time in the economy will the real interest rates are zero. The metrics use on the y axis of rotation are sensitive to the bond market while the x axis values consider income taxed on households. The slope represents the change of real interest rate with income tax (Dai et al. 37). establishment expenditure is an alternative independent variable in this model. Government expenditure is inversely related to real interest rate. An increase in government expenditure call fors to an increase in money supply which would lea d to a lessening in interest rates. A fall in government spending leads to reduction in money supply and in turn interest rate reduces (Dai et al.

Does westernization equal modernity the case of Turkey Research Paper

Does westernization equal modernity the case of Turkey - Research Paper mannequinSome of the steps considered to have been taken by Ataturk to westernize turkey include the banning of the handed-down mens hat called the fez replacing it with European styled ones, Latin alphabets replaced Arabic writing. He withal introduced European calendar and metric systems in place of the Arabic ones. Women could vote and be in surge of offices, and it was illegal for them to wear veils. Other reforms include abolishment of sultanate and Dervish brotherhood, establishment of Islam as the official religion in the constitution deleted and Sunday became the official weekly holiday. The army was reorganized to conform to the patterns of western world much(prenominal) as England. European schools were established in turkey and students sent to countries such as France to help revive the rate of westernization (Arslan 134).In the wake of the coup in 1980, the military drafted a constitution procl aiming turkey secular, representative and parliamentary nation. This is as seen the beginning of westernization of Turkey as this meant the country had opened up itself to the worlds influence (as its firsthand allies have been the west) politically, socially and security wise. It has even moved to become a candidate of European Union membership. Its relationship with the EU began in 1996 when they formed a custom union, then later adequate a candidate of EU membership in 1999 (Global Edge par. 11). Other economic organizations Turkey has offer to include World Trade Organization, European Free Trade Association, United Nations, Black Sea stinting Cooperation, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and Organization of Islamic Cooperation (Global Edge par. 11).Even though

Topics are in the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Topics are in the instruction - Essay ExampleThe American manufacturing companies, in trying to soften the impact of the economic crunch, resorted to several strategies aimed at restoring growth and profitability. One scheme adopted was flexibility which entailed shifting out their operations to areas within and outside the country which would minimize in operation(p) and labor costs. The target areas were those which had low-wage anti-labor policies in place. Thus, between the years 1969 and 1976, many an(prenominal) of the major cities which previously housed large manufacturing plants put together themselves at the edge of bankruptcy because of job and gross losses brought about by the closures of these plants (Gibson 39).The growing revenue deficit brought about by manufacturing relocations and closures was aggravated by outmoded capital facilities, declining tax bases, soaring pack for public services, debt ceilings and taxpayer rebellions which resulted in the inability of these cities to prevent the widening gap between expenditures and revenue resources. To avert catastrophe, many of these cities resorted to increasing taxes, abolishing jobs, calling off or deferring construction projects, and even cutting services (Cooke 2007 pp 213-214).The HOPE VI program is a housing policy passed by the US Congress in 1993 which is aimed at alleviating meagerness in public housing. It targets three areas physical improvements management improvements and community services to address resident necessitate (Hope VI, Public and Indian Housing). HOPE VIs primary distinguishing feature is that it is not underpinned by scattering of residents of housing projects to various communities but to revive the housing projects themselves. The Housing & Urban Developments figure for this project is pegged at $5.6 billion covering 231 areas all over the country (Arrighi & Maume 2007 pp79).To make HOPE VI housing projects viable, the project involves the

Brand Impact and Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Brand disturb and Popular Culture - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that Matthew McConaughey is an American actor well known for his share in films like Dazed and Confused(1993), Amistad(1997), and Failure to Launch (2006). In recent years, McConaughey has featured in small, independent films and has featured in some exigent roles. Toyota Corolla was launched in 1966 primarily as a family car. It was positioned as a progressive and friendly vehicle. The newest version of the Corolla is focused on providing an instantaneous good feeling to the customer. in that respect is a picture of a sleek, attractive Toyota Corolla zooming along the river side on the first slide of the point board. The photograph of a smiling, friendly brand endorser on the same slide is used to encode the feeling of goodness. The Brand Typology model suggests that brands can be classified into eight categories namely Clean Slates, tender Brands, Little Tigers, Defenders, Olympic, Classic, Specialist and Fading Stars by analyzing their momentum and familiarity in the marketplace. Olympic brands are illustrious and lead a large customer base. These brands are usually the talk of the town and serve as benchmarks for former(a) brands. At present Toyota Corolla is an Olympic brand. The car was launched in 1966 and is now pegged as the Worlds just about Popular Car. The Japanese company has manufactured more than 40 million Toyota Corolla cars since its launch. The model is change in more than 150 countries and regions around the world. McConaughey too is recognized worldwide. The experienced actor has staged a remarkable mid-career comeback and his popularity has increased tremendously in recent times. Good looks, humility, and award-winning performances have do McConaughey an admirable person.

Contemporary issues in management assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Contemporary issues in management - Assignment ExampleThis opus makes a critical compendium regarding the innovation management practices adopted by both well known companies of the world. The names of these companies include orchard apple tree Inc. and Haier Group. These companies are well placed into consumer electronic industry and are known for their innovative practices at workplace. This paper aims at making critical analysis of organisational culture and human resource management practices in these two companies and their influence upon creativity and innovation of both the organisation.When we talk about innovation and management of innovation in the context of Consumer electronics, we cannot help talking about Apple Inc. It is considered as one of the most leading companies in the field of technology in todays world. Initially, it was started with a scratch and grew rapidly in much(prenominal) a way that became a symbol of innovation in technology. It is known worldwide that no troupe can sustain in the market without innovation and creativity and when it comes to consumer electronic devices, continuous innovation and creativity becomes a prerequisite in order to survive and succeed in the market. Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Inc. and a immense innovator once said, Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower (Gillam 2012).Apple Inc. has secure up itself as one of the most prominent companies in industry of consumer electronics. It has made the most earthshaking position in both hardware as well as software through changeless innovation and creativity. It was established in 1976 and since that day, it has been continuously focusing on innovation. It has made a great electrical shock on society through its various major innovative products and features in the field of consumer electronics such as Trackpad, Mouse, GUI, iMac , iBook, iTunes, iPhone, iPod, iPad and so on (OGRADY 2008).Research and development is an integral part of any company especially when relations in consumer

Should Abortion be Legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should Abortion be Legal - Essay sheathAbortion is a very sensitive issue and proponents of abortion believe that it is the right of the woman to opt for this decision. This stand has been opposed by people who believe that the fetus bears the potential to turn into a bed human being and abortion is equivalent to the ending of an individuals life. Abortion is a arguable issue and it should only be legally allowed in the circumstances where the life of the m other(a) may be in danger owing to the pregnancy and this practice should not be permitted legally in other circumstances. Abortion has been opposed on honest, apparitional as well as medical grounds. An individual should white plague his emancipation and thinking to opt for what he considers correct or incorrect. But this freedom should not be used in a wrong way so that it leads to negative effects. Pope John capital of Minnesota II explained this issue and presented that all human beings should maintain a correct balanc e between their rights of liberty and the important decisions of their life. Abortion is an example where this balance is lost. The negativities of abortion should be considered before opting for this strong step. Pro-life supporters and ethical groups argue that abortion should be a practice that should only be restricted for cases where the pregnancy sack prove to be a risk for the life of the mother or in other factious incidents handle in victims of sexual assault. But these reasons are the least common reasons which account for abortion cases in the United States. It is seen that only one share of abortions are carried out under these circumstances and 99 percent of the abortions are done as a method of birth control or for other reasons presumption by women. A better way should be opted by the government to tackle these issues rather than providing for options like abortion. Better techniques include proper and managed awareness programs for the pregnant woman as well as her family. Furthermore, appropriate health management and support should be provided (Quito 2007). Abortion is also highlighted to be wrong by the religious groups. The religious groups claim that reproduction is a natural process of life and it is an ability provided by divinity fudge to human beings. To disregard and alter this process is incorrect and not justified even on righteous grounds. The role of parents is to care and nurture for their children and this role should not be changed into a brutal step of sidesplitting ones own child for reasons like free will. The drawbacks of abortion have also been nonplus forward by many medical groups on the basis of different studies and researches. A research that was promulgated in the year 1994 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute provided insight into the fact that a complete pregnancy improved the health status of a woman and proved to be a shield against the occurrence of breast cancer. The chances of breast cance r are 50 percent greater in females who opt for abortion. This risk following is even higher in females who already have a transmittable susceptibility of the development of breast cancer owing to the occurrence of the condition in family members. According to Dr. jam Moran who was the Director at the Cancer Institute, the initial increase in the levels of estrogen in the female be during pregnancy can alter the normal breast cells. In the initial phase,

U.S. HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S. HISTORY - Essay ExampleHe went to Paris in 1919 to shape the Treaty of Versailles, the peace treaty which ended the gentlemans gentleman War 1 (Wikipedia, 2006a).Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), started his career as a writer. Hemingways first important work was The Sun Also Rises (1926). Similarly successful was A Farewell to Arms (1929). Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old cosmos and the Sea (1952), for which Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature (1954) (The Nobel Foundation 1954).Herbert Clark Hoover (1929-1933) was the 31st President of the United States. at heart eight months of his induction, the stock market crashed, signifying the beginning of the Great depression, the most s of all timee economic crisis the United States had ever known. The Great Depression was a stern test for Hoover and one that proved difficult to manage. World War I brought Hoover to importance in American politics and thrust him into the global trouble (Presidency in History, 2003a).Eleanor Roosevelt was an active First Lady during her husband Franklin D. Roosevelts presidency. She traveled, visiting relief projects, surveying working and living(a) conditions, and then reporting her observations to the President. She became a supporter of the rights and needs of the poor, and of the disadvantaged. Even after President Roosevelts death Mrs. Roosevelt proceed public life. She was appointed to the United States Delegation to the United Nations General Assembly. She was chairman of the Human Rights Commission. She was an American legate to the World Federation of the United Nations Associations. Mrs. Roosevelt received many awards for her humanitarian efforts (FDR

Technology acceptance model (TAM) Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Technology acceptance model (TAM) - Article pillowcaseThe paper tells that the idea of the engineering acceptance model emerged in mid 70s, when many researchers started salaried attention to factors and issues that give explanation or forecast the acceptance of a variety of technologies. Basically, the TAM is referred as one of the descriptive theories having most influenced the models and ideas of human look. In addition, the technology acceptance model was exclusively reinforced with the key objective of recognizing the factors and aspects involved in technology acceptance generally secondly, to look at a wide variety of technology usage behaviors and lastly, to offer an economical hypothetical descriptive model. Additionally, its roots distribute to social psychology and based on the reasoned work on model of Fishbein and Ajzen. According to the reasoned action model (RAM), the intention to generate a behavior depends on two fundamental factors approach toward behavior and i ndividual characteristics. In this scenario, individual characteristics refer to the causes dues to which certain behaviors are produced or not and establish the link between the final and a predictable outcome, while the approach toward behavior is referred as the optimistic or pessimistic value on which the behavior of individual associates is produced. The TAM is a modified or updated recitation of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to the area of IS. The technology acceptance model represents that the unornamented worth and comprehend ease of use determining an individuals aim to make use of a system with a polish to serve as an intermediary of actual system usage. In this scenario, the perceived worth is as swell up seen as being straight influenced through perceived easiness of usage. On the other hand, researchers have cut back the technology acceptance model by eliminating the attitude constructs originated in TRA from the present arrangements. In this scenario, the efforts to expand the technology acceptance model can normally take 1 of 3 forms by initiating issues from connected models, by initiating extra or substitute belief aspects, and by investigating the background and moderators of apparent value and apparent simplicity of practice. In view of the fact that both the TAM and TRA are composed of powerful behavioral

Basic principles of economics and business strategy Essay

Basic principles of frugals and business strategy - Essay sheathBasic principles of economics and business strategy argon intrinsically linked to the people and therefore all business and economic decision that is made, must take into consideration of the impact that they ar going to bedevil on the lodge at large. The people are the end users of any business venture and economic theories and economic policies, that are framed, are all designed to work towards the betterment of society. This two way family relationship between the society and the business and economic decisions also form the basis of larger national objectives which are people centric. Main objective of any business is profit making which it derives by making its products and go available to people. Hence, the core business strategy of any business heavily relies on the fact that it products and work meet the needs and requirements of the people at large. Competitive pricing and strong market position are maj or business compulsions that are need driven and specially target the vulnerable segment of society who are more prone to buy their products and services. It is for this reason that businesses through the ages, have been conducting surveys and studies in order to count on the preferences of the people so that one can establish financially viable business ventures. So it would be true if one says that all business decisions are designed to impact society.

Sufficient Staff Training for Prevention and Management of Violence in Research Proposal

Sufficient provide Training for Prevention and Management of Violence in Acute Inpatient Psychiatric and mental health care Units - Research Proposal ExampleThis essay discusses that over the years, researchers deplete stressed on the descent between caregivers and clients. Special consideration to this relationship is given in terms of behavioural health sciences because of the change magnitude potential for aggression with this client population. Mental health caregivers can considerably reduce the number of fiery incidents that are to a greater extent likely to happen in an acute inmate psychiatric unit. Studies subscribe revealed that healthcare pruneers including nurses, physicians, psychologists and social workers are likely to experience physical storm or verbal hysteria from patients in behavioral health units. The amount of military force has increased in various workplaces and researchers such as Rippon have identified exposure to violence as a large problem f or health care master copy as well. The need to offer timely faculty bringing up programs to the healthcare professions for the prevention and management of violence has been pointed out by such researchers as courageous Warshaw & Messite and Flannery et al. Similarly, the adverse effects and negative consequences of patient violence on the health care workers have also been pointed out by such researchers as courageous and Stathopoulou. The before and after studies conducted by researchers such as Calabro, Mackey and Williams have also revealed that staff training enhances the knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and behavioral intention of the participants towards violence in the work place.... ers including nurses, physicians, psychologists and social workers are likely to experience physical assault or verbal violence from patients in behavioral health units. The amount of violence has increased in various workplaces and researchers such as Rippon have identified exposure to violence as a significant problem for health care professional as well (Rippon, 2000). The need to offer timely staff training programs to the healthcare professions for the prevention and management of violence has been pointed out by such researchers as Doughty (2005) Warshaw & Messite (1996) and Flannery et al (2000). Similarly, the adverse effects and negative consequences of patient violence on the health care workers have also been pointed out by such researchers as Doughty (2005) and Stathopoulou (2003). The before and after studies conducted by researchers such as Calabro, Mackey and Williams (2002) have also revealed that staff training enhances the knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and behavioral intention of the participants towards violence in the work place. Training staff servicing in psychiatric and mental health care units are more likely to experience incidents of violence and therefore it is imperative that further researches are undertaken in this regard to re fer how far staff training helps in preventing violence in acute health care units. The of import objective of this research is to evaluate the correlation of trained staff working in acute inpatient psychiatric units and the number of violent incidents observed within the milieu. The research aims to give prominence to the need of training which is required to prevent and manage the incidents of violent episodes. This research will be helpful for the population in the medical field including nurses, doctors,

Mental Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

genial Disorder - Essay ExampleMental Disorder and Treatment Modalities Through media, the general public often conveys an image of mental disorders as patients who be unpredictable, violent, and dangerous (Flores, 2008, p. 1). However, not all mental disorders portrayed these signs and symptoms, as in the case of major depression. major(ip) depression is a serious medical condition that affects thoughts, feelings, behavior, mood, and physical health of approximately 5-8 percent of get together States adult population (NAMI, 2009, 3). Among all the mental disorders, major depression is the most antiphonary to treatment. There are three types of treatment available for depression medication, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy (NAMI, 2009, p. 8). Psychotherapy has been shown to be effective in treating depression (NAMI, 2009, p. 11). Under this therapy is the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy helps to modify the negative thinking of depressive patients by setting positive thoughts and moods. Unlike any other method, CBT is considered to be the most rapid in producing obtained results. In fact, the average number of sessions the clients received is only 16 sessions.

Religion and Ethnic Diversity Paper Essay Example for Free

devotion and Ethnic Diversity Paper EssayAccording to Grace Communion International, people of the dumb church buildinges meand a dress circle like the European the Statesns. They sh atomic number 18d the belief that Gods past dealings give watery of future life. The corrosive churches tend to see America as the land of captivity quite than the forecast land. The black churches sh atomic number 18d similar beliefs to other sorts that they did not always see quite the same, black churches tend to hold church into the late afternoon and felt they should filtrate to help all members of the church with all aspects of life, other groups did not hold church for many another(prenominal) hours. The historically black churches took it upon themselves to care for blacks, not just spiritually but physically as well because they felt they were forkd against. The churches made it their job to try to care for the people who had no one else to care for them. Many churches offere d services to blacks and albumens, even though they did this the blacks were exempt segregated from the whites. It was standard practice for things of this nature to be done before there were churches built specifically for them, some didnt even allow their presence.The black churches real a lot of discrimination, hatred, and prejudice from the white community. Often times they were not treated equal to white people as they should commence been. I feel that reading a little bit about the black churches has given me a lot more history on it but it has not really helped me to understand the religion more than I already did. I have visited a black church and while they do not believe very different they practice their religion very differently. Black of the African decent are other than known as African Americans differ from many other groups based on their hair, skin tones, physical appearance, and the way they talk. Black people even have beliefs about how children should be rais ed and cared for. They may have similar qualities of other groups but there are many more differences. African Americans have had many, many experiences with other groups and how they differ from them and what qualities they display. Blacks are often discriminated against by many groups for the choices they make and the beliefs they practice.Blacks as a group tend to keep to their own and mind their business. Blacks originally over from Africa bring many things to the American grow such as food, apparel styles, music and much more. The African decent in foods has altered spices and more, and clothing varies by pattern and style of clothing but twain have made a rather large impact. For many years in historyblacks were made to be slaves and were bought, sold and bartered for in America and even other countries. They were enslaved for a very long time until the north and south finally went to war over the matter and they gained their American right to freedom. Blacks were also seg regated from whites for many years. Blacks were very heavily discriminated against by many groups but especially whites. Whites made enslaving blacks very important in their lives, while whites were the main root word of slave drivers, there were also very wealthy black people who chose to have black slaves.Blacks received discrimination from many directions. I feel that I already had a very fair summation of information on blacks and the discrimination and prejudice they have received in the past and continue to receive. Blacks are often not given enough credit for all that they have to put up with, but society in my opinion has lightened up tremendously. Prejudice and discrimination in historically black churches and blacks are very similar, they were made to remain segregated for many years, and they were also discriminated against by many especially the whites, both groups revolve around blacks which make the prejudice and discrimination very similar. The prejudice and discrim ination that blacks and the historically black church differ in the fact that the churches were not enslaved. There are not that many differences referable to the fact that the churches are for the blacks.There are far more similarities than differences in the groups. From my personal knowledge of these dickens groups I can conclude that blacks are mostly discriminated against by whites, especially further back in history. Other groups discriminate against blacks and the historically black church but whites much more commonly discriminate against them and are prejudice. The more time that passes the better the circumstances become between groups.

Howard County High School Students Have Their Say Essay Example for Free

Howard County High School Students Have Their adduce EssayLunch menus in everyday disciplines baffle changed significantly over the past several years. There is an increased national concern almost the alarming number of school age children who suffer from obesity. Federal and state requirements have been difficult to secure due to the complexity in satisfying the palette as well as public health concerns. Howard County, Maryland has joined with other areas to determine a compromise between public policies and student satisfaction. John-John Williams, IV in his article, Having a Say on What They Eat, examines the efforts of the Howard County Public Schools in Ellicott City, Maryland. In response to a 2006 health policy, juicyschool school administrators were required to reduce the amount of noble fat solid foods offered to students. Items such as French fries or anything resembling fast foods were excluded as suitable choices. In response, students protested with thei r pocketbooks by refusing to purchase trusted cafeteria items. Howard County high schools lost thousands of dollars in much needed revenue and were forced to include student-consumers in the decision make process. Students enrolled in the Culinary Arts Program are making their voices heard at Oakland Mills, a high school in Howard County.The young male and female chefs hope to create dishes suitable for next capitulations menu. Students enrolled in the cooking class, much like many restaurant take iners and professional chefs, are set about with the challenges of providing foods that meet national nutritionary guidelines and at the same time manage speak to and taste appeal. Students active in the taste-test were required to prepare dishes that would meet the national guidelines of 750 total calories (110 of which could derive from fat), and150 grams of sodium at the cost of $1. 22.On April1, just a few days apart, judges will select recipes from twelve high schools in five counties including Howard. One of the major problems for high school administrators has been student sensitiveness regarding food facility and nutrition. They explain the students culinary wisdom in terms of cable food networks and celebrity chefs. High school students tastes in foods have clashed with administrative obligations yet culinary program participants have found a fertile means of influencing systemic and institutional change.There are a variety of sociological issues imbedded in the Howard County challenge. The place setting of the struggle is the public high school, a social and political institutional space that operates under certain federal guidelines and state budgets. The question of community and culture is a dominant theme as Howard County explores how lift out to address the concerns of multiple and diverse constituents. While the primary goal is to meet public health and nutritional guidelines, the underlying impediments to meeting these objectives have b een both economic and cultural.In order for Howard County to be in conformance they must not only answer the question of health but must also find a way to establish a form of nutritional wellness that is both affordable and acceptable to students. For example, Erika Henderson, a senior from Oakland Mills High enrolled in the Culinary Arts class, stated that the food was foul because it was cheap food with no seasoning (Williams, IV 10). As a result, Erika decided to bring her tiffin each day. Erikas choice to pass on the cafeteria foods raises issues about class.Students from lower incomes may not have items to bring from home and, in many instances, rely on the cafeteria cuisine. At the same time, Erika appears to have been instead comfortable with preparing her own food. She had a particular notion about ingredients suggesting that the culture of her home allowed and encouraged food preparation and experimentation. In addition, the Culinary Arts Program created a subculture a cohort of students who, perhaps, were more aware of the nuances of food preparation and trends than their peers.The culinary arts students were the most vocal in demanding that their recipes be taste-tested and, if successful, placed on the menu. Laurie Collins, Instructional Facilitator at Oakland Mills, insisted that they will try something that has been prepared by their peers (Williams, IV 10). With just days away from a decision, over seventeen-thousand students at Oakland may have a chance to have their way in terms of affordable, healthy, appetizing, and appealing choices for lunch whether it is the baked onion rings or apple slices.Realizing that it will be difficult to please everyone, all parties are optimistic about the fall menu. Howard County and the Oakland students have taken matters into their own hands by offering a realistic solution to what is a national and institutional problem. The students, by dint of hard work and creativity, are cooking up their own taste of wellness. Works Cited Williams IV, John-John. Having A Say On What They Eat Howard Students Taste- Test, Prepare Own Candidate for Cafeteria Menu The Baltimore Sun 22 March 2009 1, 10.

Managing Resources Essay Example for Free

Managing Resources EssayThe instruction resource I hire chosen is tourually also used as an ice breaker for a littleon and whence used to build on students communication, reading and infrastanding skills. The task is used to tack together students at a lower place a time constraint to complete a task of ready and answering simple and possibly pull someones leg questions in a short time frame. This resource is not used in a course to trick students but used to then spawn them to muse on their ready and interpretation of a question. For example, the first part of the document tell them what they must do and this also asks them to use the space forwards the number to write their answers. more students do not do this and proceed to write their answers at the stopping point of the question. When a student is low stress, they whitethorn be adapted to learn skills in much less than the usual time. This is the theory also used in military basic training. It is known as quick Learning Under Pressure, it reduces the time it takes to learn a skill through study. This theory has been taken under m some(prenominal) different ways and Ann Dupuis suggests that under pressure students will gain new skills without pickings time to study.Her theory goes onto describe how a Physician caught on a battlefield will under pressure help other people and learn surgery to assist other. I feel this adapts itself to my resource. Many students do not know how to adapt their skills under a timed period such as an exam and placing them under pressure for a short period of 5 minutes will get them later to reflect on their actions. This learning resource however may not be fitting to all students and it is not always used where I am awargon of slow reader or maybe people who suffer with dyslexia.The choice to use this is based upon group dynamics and ability. When I persuasion of designing this resource I took into account how learners who complete this task bear refl ect on distributively question and question other peer group member answers. This then is reflected within Kolbs caprice on the learning cycle. Kolb works on a four stage cycle of Concrete Experience, ruminative reflexion, Abstract Conceptualization and Active Experiment. The experience side of things is the student actual having to complete the task. The reflective observation is covered by completed a group review of the answers.So at the end of the 5 minutes I will lead the students through the questions and statement finding out the students answers and getting them to reflect both personally and as a group on what they had originally written. Now they are reflecting are they changing their mind about the answers? Do they see their initial error when reading the question? The third stage Abstract Conceptualization is then covered by the students timbering at the task and ideas or concepts of others around them. The other student interpretation of the questions.The student will then process this information and is able to make a more informed decision. Final the Active Experiment part. 9/10 students exigency a copy to take a way and try on friends and family so they can put their new skills or understanding into practise of others. This theory is adapted from Kolbs 2006 theory which he updated added extra cerebrate behind the 4 main stages. The learning resource once we fill gone through the answers can now have the idea and new acquired skills in practising exam questions or exam papers under timed conditions.It also teaches the students not to read something once and immediately think the understand what is being asked of them. When I am moving on from this learning resources onto practise exams I am conscience of the different learning styles I have in the room. I have to ask myself what type of learning styles I have in the room. Do I have the reflector, the theorist, the activist or the pragmatist? The understanding behind this is designed by Honey Mumford. They came up with these 4 titles. Reflectors like to stand back and look at a mooring from different perspectives.They like to collect data and think about it carefully before coming to any conclusions. They enjoy observing others and will listen to their views before offering their own. Theorists adapt and integrate observations into complex and logically sound theories. They think problems through in a step by step way. They tend to be perfectionists who like to fit things into a rational scheme. They tend to be detached and analytical rather than inherent or emotive in their thinking. Activists like to be involved in new experiences.They are apply minded and enthusiastic about new ideas but get bored with implementation. They enjoy doing things and tend to act first and consider the implications afterwards. They like working with others but tend to hog the limelight. And finally Pragmatists are smashing to try things out. They want concepts that can be applied to their job. They tend to be impatient with lengthy discussions and are practical and down to earth. The one good thing about this resource is as long as I have it on paper to hand out (good planning) I dont pick out any other resource or technology.I have used this learning resource as a back up lesson in the past when either our computer systems have gone down, or I have arrived at a venue that does not have ICT facilities of some way of wake resources on a smart board or projector. This learning resource is shared out so widely. As mentioned earlier umteen students ask for a copy to take away with them so I ensure I always have spares to hand to give out and share the experience. Even if it is bonny for fun. The main learning outcomes are to show the students that they need to read the question carefully, even if under pressure.To look out for trick questions or two part questions. And finally extracting the information out of the question that is not relevant to exactly wh at is being asked of them. In relation to legal requirements, this learning resources has been adapted from a many similar styles. I have used a number of my own questions, however I have added questions I have seen elsewhere and this includes from magazine riddles for fun and other websites. This resource has been changed several times and questions replaced with what I felt where better one to get the students thinking more.This then I believe fall under my Intellectual property right. This is the ownership of ideas or work. Copyright is different as copyrighted material mode information created by someone else and a you are not allowed to copy it without the owner permission which may incur costs. An easy understanding of this would be music. If I brought a cd from a store and copied it onto a blank disc and then sold it I would be breaking copy right laws as I am selling something someone else owns. This is the same with learning materials.

Poetic form meter Essay Example for Free

Poetic form molar concentration EssayExploring how Allen Curnow portrays the search for inspiration in Continuum In the meter Continuum by Allen Curnow, he tells us about(predicate) his lack of inspiration. The theme of the poem revolves around poetic inspiration, and how he is unable to get inspiration. Allen Curnow uses a mix of stylistic devices to portray this. The title, Continuum, shows us that the problem Allen Curnow talks about, his lack of inspiration, is never ending and is continuing exclusively the time, i.e., it is continuous. The first stanza signifies the first stage of poetic inspiration and also shows us Curnows unstable thoughts the crown falls behind, as he is unable to compose poetry he is in a sense, rolling and falling all over the place so to speak.In the first line, the word moonshinelight is used as an image a symbol for Curnow. As the moon is unable to shine on its own (it has to draw its light and energy from the sun), just like that Curnow depends on his writing to keep him waiver in life. The first stanza also tells the reader about the setting and time of the poem which is at night. The moon also evokes images of loneliness and a solitary state in that it is the only bright object in the night sky just like Curnow is the only (and therefore lonely) person awake at night. The poem has no definite rhyme scheme, suggesting to us that the poet is finding it difficult to express his thoughts, and he cannot tap into the macrocosm of imagination.The last line of the first stanza I am talking about myself. Is a clear statement of his frustration and his inability to write. In the next stanza, Curnow is seeking connection with nature to find poetic inspiration. The line, Its not possible to get withdraw to sleep, tells the reader that the poet is unable to sleep which shows that something is troubling him. He tries to convey that its as tough to get rid of his thoughts as it is to get rid off the planet. Curnow goes out barefoo t, to rid himself of the human material and wants to connect with nature.

The Woman in Black Review Essay Example for Free

The fair sex in B need Review EssayUpon the arrival in London my anticipation was high. My first impression of the Fortune Theatre was it was a very old nice building, very sm totally and slightly ragged. Upon entering it felt very cramped and made you feel claustrophobic. The cash dispenser was eerie due to the old style of the building. This was digressicularly sound as the play was set in the Victorian period. This made you feel as if you were in the past. in addition the narrow staircase and small place area shitd effect. Before the play starts thither is no background music played to set a face or image in the earshots mind.The play starts without warning and lights go d accept and we are unbowed into the story. The play is set in a line of business and the reference see the actors rehearsing a compositionuscript to an set down crowd. At first the older actor was reading his story as if he was an appalling actor. This technique used was effective and gave som e comic relief at the start of the play. He mumbled his wrangling without emotion which was in total contrast to the jr. actor. The younger actor was very articulate and pronounced his words properly, both characters spoke with posh accents. By doing this it lulled the audition in to an close to false sense of security.Fans blew into the theatre to make the ambience cold and chilling. Diagram of the Stage The interview were seated in front of the stagecoach. This was so the whole audience would all see the play in the same way. Also this would ensure the cleaning woman in black wouldnt be able to be spotted. The set was open and most things on the stage were providen. There was a clothes rack which was covered, a wicker basket which was closed and some surface buckets. There was a door which was shut but we did non know to where it would lead. However during the play we nonice a whole new dimension to the stage.Behind a gauze at that place was another part of the stage. If this had been shown some of the creative element would make been lost as we wouldnt be surprised to see it. Also the fact the only time the audience saw the back of the stage was when the actors themselves were present there. This would link the audience to the actor and heighten the personal bond. Spotlights were used a lot in this production. It persuaded the audience to focus on one area of the stage. It withal gave a creepy effect, as you could not see the whole of the stage, thence you would not know what was happening in the black spots.Images were also shone on to a translucent cerement showing at the position of the actors. This included a crucifix. This was effective as it was a very vanquish image, which embraces the audience as it is the first scary moment of the play. The other image was of the house in which the woman in Black haunts. It gives you a mental representation of what the building would look like. Upon eyesight this building, it was obvious a catast rophe was immanent. The visible radiation also represented where they were. For instance the actors were on a set up and the windows of another train passed.This made you jump and started a continuous pattern of many a(prenominal) frights to come. Sometimes the lack of lighting create up the atmosphere. At one time the stage was dark until the actor lit a discipline which illuminated his face. The effect of this was astonishing, such a simple thing as a match strengthened up the scene immediately. The match was very effective because it was less bright than a spotlight and would not show off the surroundings. A torch was also used in the same way as the match but was just as effective as it showed a specific area. After seeing this used I realised how effective low light can be to create unbelief and confusion.Sometimes the light came as a relief for the audience. In the first half of the play whenever there was a scary part normal lighting would come in to effect and give th e audience relief from the intenseness. This almost gave the audience a false sense of security. The most effective use of the lighting was the way in which the Woman in Blacks face was bright white and prominent. The audience never alternatively managed to see the full complexion of her face as she was not still for presbyopic. However it showed enough to preclude the audience intrigued and for them to know it was a ghost.The darkness created a spooky air about a scene but there was music to accompany it. Recorded healthy was also used in this play. In the same way as lighting it set the scene and emulated a climax. For instance it was used to create a scene in an office by the ticking of a clock. The primary(prenominal) way sound was used was to build up a climax. A recorded sound of a rocking chair would forever represent a terrifying image about to appear the Woman in Black. We would associate sounds to images. It was an almost psychotic repetitive noise, which at first ti me of hearing may not have been sublime as anything important.Another petrifying noise was an ear piercing, frightful scream. It sounded like it was made by soulfulness in the utmost agonising pain who had gone insane with rage. It most certainly made the audience jump as it was played very loudly at an unexpected moment. However I considered it to be more(prenominal) than just a short fright. The sound was very disturbing. The way in which it died out mildly also made you wonder what the person making it was feeling. It conjured up an image of someone who could not complete with what was happening to them. They let all the rage out in one long blast. It was played a number of times, each very chilling.It did not lose the effect, as it was played unexpectedly each time, therefore you heard it in another situation and dimension. The other main recording was of a horse and trammel coming slowly to a halt and then crashing. This is played at the end of the play and is a backbone to the plot. It is an equally disturbing noise not one you would chose to listen to regularly. This was also used to show an image you could not see and would put that picture vividly into your mind. After the crash it was followed by a dampened scream (slightly less potent than the previous, but equally as disturbing). The lighting and sound contributed vastly to the play. Without the spic-and-span and synchronized use of sound and lighting the plays ferocity (it has in copious amounts) would be lost, no matter how good the actors were. The attire used by the actors was very Victorian. They wore waistcoats and suits, making themselves look respectable. The older man would change clothes which also changed his character. This technique was effective as there were only two main actors. I saw this skill used in another play Stones in His Pockets which consisted of only two actors.The Woman in Black wore a black cloak with a bonnet to cover a lot of her face and hair. Her long cloak covered her feet most of the time giving the impression that she floated instead of walking. Accompanied by the sound and lighting was the immensely impressive acting. The younger actor gave a potent performance in his role of an actor. However many of his facial expressions were very modern and contemporary, these would not have been used in the Victorian times. Sometimes also his diction sounded very forced in proportion to the older man who had a very calm and constant accent.The older actors accent sounded like it was his own normal voice and was how he spoke. One of the younger actors most elaborate and perfect factors was his frustration when he was playing the older actor when he was young. This made you forget he was acting and made the audience accept as true the fact that he was the older actor when he was young and not actually acting him. Both actors were extremely talented, the older man was flawless. His overall performance as all the characters was outstanding. I e njoyed how he got into his first role when he puts on his glasses.The gradual transition is very effective and amusing. His acting in natural situations was actually completely natural, which made everything believable. One of my favoured characters of his was the driver Ketwick. This was very swell up done and brought some comic relief to the play. As in many of his characters he used his hands a lot to express himself. A very good example of this was at the end when the younger actor congratulates him on bringing a woman. The older man reacts as if he doesnt know what he is talking about. This was not strained nor was it milked, they spent just enough time to put across to the audience.A subtle sign of his perfection was the whole way through the play he never looks at the Woman in Black making the end believable. However an important role has been missed out. The Woman in Black is easy to forget as an actor and could be overshadowed by the other actors and also you think of her as an actual ghost. Her facial expressions were stern and ferocious. The audience could see the fury in her eyes. She walked concisely and smoothly almost floating. Yet at one point she ran which was petrifying, as you did not know where she was freeing to end up.Her facial expressions were good, a little more frightening effect could have been gained if her face was more cadaver like. Nevertheless it was clever of the director to not include her in the program and not for her to proceeds a bow. This made you constantly scared of her, as you do not think of her as a real person. After saying how effective sound was in this play I think the lack of it was more effective. The long silences followed by a noise or person would ever make you jump. The silences would always build the suspense and get you ready for something bad to happen.After the loud, unexpected sounds there were many long pauses, which added to the sinister atmosphere. In my opinion this was the most effective use of sound. By the end of the play there was still a disturbing ambience as I walked away. I had thoroughly enjoyed the play and was appropriately scared. Any more and I may not have been able to sleep. I took away many aspects of acting, which could be useful in the future. The use of silence and torches in the darkness were some of my favourites. The play was sweet and umbrageous but also terrorizing. One of the most amusing parts was the dog spider scene.This was sticky to act as they were pretending there was a dog but it was done with the utmost ease. It was funny how the older man kicked the dog saying it does what I say. If I was a critic for a clip my short caption would read The Woman in Black is a play with a disconsolate plot, of ghastly ghostly terror. Set in the Victorian times it sends a feeling of emptiness and purdah through you, nevertheless an obvious first choice for taking the young ones to see, to appreciate and learn from the immaculate actors and use of s tage crew

Human behaviour Essay Example for Free

Human demeanour EssayArthur Millers The crucible is a scarper that shows the extremes of human demeanour both good and bad. In this evidence I will be discussing these extremes and also hope the essay will help me conclude whether the better(p) or the worst of human behaviour is presented more strongly. I will also aim to think these themes to events, which would yield affected the author at the time the play written. I will give examples of distributively type of behaviour and conclude. I will start by explaining about the background of the crucible. Arthur Miller wrote it in 1950s America but it is set in Salem 1692. Salem was a puritan corporation that because of the time had very little scientific knowledge so blamed any unexplained happenings on witchcraft. If somevirtuoso was accused of witchcraft and confessed they were saved from being hanged but if they denied the charges because they were almost definitely hanged. This is how the witch-hunt began, mess would be accused and they would confess and blame others and in turn the others accused would accuse some one and only(a) else. Millers grounds for report this play were mainly because the events happening in the 1950s America. At this time in America a modern day witch hunt was taking place. But instead of witches they were hunting communists.Communism is a political theory that states that everyone in society is equally wealthy. Russia had already had a communist revolution and collectivism had spread to China also. This was the cause of much conflict in Vietnam in which America was heavily involved. The American government was afraid that communism would spread to America and the people would overthrow the government. Also communism clashes with the cover wing policies of the American government.Senator Joseph McCarthy was a main figure in this and so this was called McCarthyism. They tackled the threat of communism by passing laws to restrict the playactions of communist supporte rs. Arthur Miller himself was accused of being a communist and like umteen others would have been questioned about his fri decisions, family and political beliefs and also asked to name others involved. In response to this Arthur Miller wrote the crucible to try on and show how the hysteria in the 1950s was similar to the hysteria in Salem 1692.The worst of the behaviour in The crucible is shown mainly in the timbre Abigail Williams. Abigail is from the very beginning a central tone in the play and uses most of her time in the play to chafferk revenge on one woman, Elizabeth Proctor. She manipulates the court and the other girls into helping her with her plan under the pretence of doing Gods work. It is clear from the very beginning of the play that Abigail bears a grudge once morest Elizabeth from the language used. Cold imagery is used when Abigail describes Elizabeth Its a bitter woman, a lying, cold, snivelling woman(act1). The reason for this is because jakes Proctor, Eli zabeths husband had an affair with Abigail and Elizabeth subsequently sacked Abigail.Abigail is still in love with John and hopes that if Elizabeth is hanged past John will want her back. Miller helps us understand the passion of the love Abigail feels for John by the hot imagery used I have a sense for heat, Johnand I have seen you looking at up, burning in your loneliness(act 1). Abigail realising her power over the court goes about accusing anybody she can think of. in that respect are a few people however who doubt her however Elizabeth, John and reverend drive but none of them can stop her.She carries on accusing people up until the end of act three where John Proctor confesses to the court that he had an affair with Abigail and calls her many names whore and Harlot. Abigail then realises that John does not love her and she steals all of her uncles money and runs away with Mercy Lewis another of the girls. Abigail is a character who is selfish and manipulating and one who s hows no compassion to those who she falsely accuses. I think this character was not one that the sense of hearing would ever feel sorry for because of the way she is portrayed by Miller. I myself felt risky at the character and I think this was because she shows no remorse and even while other characters see the error of their ways and try and put things right she never even attempts to clear her conscience.Another instance who displays one of the worst examples of behaviour is Reverend Parris who is Abigails uncle. Although he does not cause as much retire as his niece he is a character that is portrayed by Miller as a egoistic and selfish. This is portrayed in many ways one of them is in Act 1 when although he is rescind about his daughter he still has time to question Abigail about their actions in the woods.This may have at first seemed like concern for his child (Betty) but then miller slowly brings the audience to realise that he is only worried that his reputation may b e damaged a bring up which shows this is But if you trafficked with spirits in the forest I must know it now, for surely me enemies will, and they will break dance me with it(act 1). Another is that he is extremely vain and thinks that he deserves the deeds to the house set aside for the parson and although he now owns the house he still talks of more money he needs. John Proctor says something that really sums up Parris vanitySince we built the church there were pewter candlesticks upon the altar But Parris came, and for twenty week he preach nothin but golden candlesticks until he had them(act 2) which shows even though he preaches the puritan way of life he wants the luxuries no-one else is allowed. Even at the end of the play when most of the characters are try to help John Proctor the only thing Parris is worried about is himself and that there will be a rebellion against the church if Proctor is hanged. Parris pathetic character is shown most prominently at the end mainly in the stage directions which show him sobbing because he has no money and is once again concerned for himself when he starts talking about how much danger he is in You cannot hang this sort. in that respect is danger for me. I dare not step outside at night

Reasons I Choose Belmont University Essay Example for Free

Reasons I Choose Belmont University EssayOne of the universities that have caught my attention was the Belmont University. Coming from a Christian Community, I felt that the university can foster me develop into a more mature Christian. The schools mission is to give up an to its education that is academically challenging, that promotes the empowerment of both men and women. Their diverse backgrounds help hone the students to become diligent with current issues, and in the improvement of the society, through their compassion, courage, discipline, and faith in God. Since the university is centered on the needs of its students, the university provided an environment that helped its students grow spiritually and intellectually. With the help of their peers and professors, the students be able to help themselves become the best in their chosen field. In adjunct to this, the university offers a wide variety of courses that cater to each individuals interest and needs. Admission to the university unquestionably allows an individual to grow and mature to become a better person, both intellectually and spiritually.Other factors are also taken into great consideration, such as their social and physical needs. The diversity and artistic elevate that this university has can help in the building of strong foundations for the future of its students. Belmont does not only offer a conducive environment suitable for learning, but also caters to an environment contributory to spiritual growth. In addition to this, the universitys location is beyond par.Since Nashville is known to be a Music City, the university can help hone its students to become excellent in their field by providing world class performances. After getting a degree form Belmont, anyone can easily find jobs just outside of the university, with the wide start of job offerings in Nashville. Church-related activities may still be practiced, through the number of churches near the vicinity. The Belmo nt University is definitely the serve up to all our prayers.

Animal Lane Cattery Information Technology System Essay Example for Free

Animal Lane Cattery In goation Technology System try onThe Animal Lane Cattery, a privately owned small business, collects an efficient, updateable, expandable, easily accessible schooling out(p)line to track and document clients needs for embarkation/grooming services. The objective is to design and develop a transcription that fulfils the needs of the Cattery. An effective electronic filing system leave alone eliminate lost paperwork, understate errors, and provide a method for quality customer service. I pass oning be designing and devising the system that we choose for the Cattery.As the Cattery has expanded its boarding and grooming services to accommodate a fare of 15 casts in separate pens, an increase in customer complaints consecrate been received concerning the Catterys inaccurate and time-consuming tracking of item client edu shake offion. This inefficiency means that clients have to give an update of their felines information to the Catterys staff and has resulted in service errors. At the moment, they use a flatbed informationbase, which scarce allows you to work with one table open at any time. The Cattery has considered using a pen and paper system, writing things out manually and storing information on paper, but a more efficient system would be a relational database. Their grand system is a relational database, and this willinging allow them to have macros, reports, queries, and look toes based on the information needed. This, in that respectfore, is the system that I will be developing for the Catterys usage.ObjectivesThe user needs to be able to-view the information-search for specific information-print out receipts for clientsAlternativesThere are many relational database packages I could have elect to work with, but I have decided to use the database package Microsoft Access because I have great respect for Bill Gates and also, Microsoft Access is an older program, therefore any bugs in the system will hopefully have been fixed and the package improved.I could have used Microsoft Works, but there cannot be any more than one table open at a time, and it is necessary that I have multiple tables.UsersThe users of this database will be the Catterys staff- full and part-time employees responsible for the care and grooming of the cats. The magnate Staff will be able to view and edit the data, whereas the Grooming Staff will only view the information they need.ANALYSISThe software I decided to use here is Microsoft Access to do and view the database. The hardware needed is a keyboard to enter data, a mouse, a printer to print out the receipts, and the computer monitor. All data will be output using the printer.I will need to ensure that there is enough memory for a relational database to function. This should not be a problem, as Microsoft Access (which I have chosen to use) does not require that much memory space, and there will be plenty of space available on their office computer, which, oth er than the necessary software components, will be used solely for the database used for the storing of data and the running of the Cattery.Backup copies of data will be stored on tape. The tape needs to be clearly labeled and stored in a water-tight case inner a fire-proof storage box away from the initial source of data, in case of fire or flood that may damage the computer that contains the original data. Using floppy disks as a form of backup was considered, but the database is relatively large and updated on a daily basis, so the floppy disks will not have a capacity large enough to adequately store the data.Data prayerThe data will be collected from the clients using a form that they will fill in giving the information needed by the Cattery.The fields required will be on the data capture form given to clients. These will be in the form of questions, such as the ones below-What is the cats name and owners contact information?-What is the cats vets contact number (in case o f emergency)?-What is the cats meal schedule?-What are the boarding drop-off and pick-up dates?-What are the cats grooming requirements?There will doubtless be other questions that the staff will need to know the answers to.To update the data, I will need to remove certain clients information and set back it with new data when the first cats are collected. The printed data will be the reports when a search is started, and a second report to give as a receipt to customers when they collect their pet.DESIGNTwo tables will be developed owner information and services. The link between the two tables is the owner code. Each owner has only one address, but multiple cats may reside at the same address. Each cat has personal service needs even if it shares the same owner as another. The client names and cat names will not be used as key fields because there index be multiple clients with the same names or cat names. Office staff at the Cattery may view and modify the data in both tables, and the grooming staff may view data. interest are the hand-drawn designs of the database. First are the initial rough designs to show the basic layout of the database. I will therefore(prenominal) give a data capture form (next page) to one of the users (an office staff person) asking what things they trust could be done better and how the design of the database could be improved to make using it easier. The users comments will then be taken into depict when making the final designs of the database, detailed so that anybody could create the same database that I will be making for the Cattery.Final Users Comments(after having reviewed the initial designs)How effective do you think the designs will be?What do you think could be improved, from what you have seen of the initial designs?What is lacking from the database (if anything)?Other commentsIMPLEMENTATIONOn the quest pages are the print screens of the way the Catterys database was created (tables, forms, queries, reports, ma cro code etc).EVALUATIONThe original objectives outlined in my credit stage were met. The Cattery now has a useful and fast system to find and store their clients information, to view and search for specific information, and to print out things like receipts for clients.After having reviewed the owners comments and compared to the things I have changed, I facial expression I have improved the database enough for him to be comfortable with using it. I took in to account the things he mentioned about needing designs for reports and queries, and lessening vagueness of some designs.I feel I have achieved my objective in making the Cattery an effective, easy system to hold all their information.

Farewell Speech Essay Example for Free

leave Speech Essay Every new beginning comes from some other beginnings end. Seneca. Middle schooling cease and now High school has begun. We all go into noble school not knowing what to expect. the likes of if youll have the same crystalizees as your best friend, if youll have nice t for each oneers, or if youll wedge dumped in a trash can on Freshman Friday. The toughest thing is not knowing which of your friends for middle school depart be at your school and which ones wont be, if your best friend is going to a variant school then you. But its O. K. high school is a new beginning we lay down to reconnect with old friends from elementary school and see our friends from last year to. As time goes by and with each of our classes you build new friendships that strengthen as the year goes on. The more you get involved in school the more you get to become friends with more people. I did Cheerleading for school this year and I have no regrets, I made so some new friends b ecause of it theyre like my sisters now.I was also a wrestling manager and that was abundant I cant wait to do it again future(a) year, I didnt only become close with the other managers I also became close with the wrestlers, theyre like brothers now. But no matter how many friends you made in high school you neer lose touch with the ones you had in middle school. Every Freshman had those Freshman Fears. Some not as bad others, but everyone has them. Like the fear of Freshman Friday its funny because we never actually had that. Its something they say to sc ar us.And it works every time. We worry about if we have good teachers or not. Most of them are, but thats your own opinion. Will we have a lot of our friends in our class? Are they going to have the same lunch as us? We get scared that well get lost in the hall ways, or seniors will run us over. We have so many worries because of what we hear about high school, and that sense were the youngest in the school we have the worst teachers. Its not like that at all in fact this year of high school was great, I wouldnt change it at all.Yeah, this year wasnt perfect, there was still drama and fights, but erstwhile everyone got past all that this year was really fun. Football games were always fun, everyone went to them and had a great time. Pep rallies are interesting, especially when the seniors and juniors try to win the spirit stick. A lot of people try to make high school sound scary and horrible, but it hasnt been bad at all. Ive had a great year and cant wait to see how the rest of high school will be.

Comparative Paper Play School and Hi-5 Essay Example for Free

Comparative Paper trifle School and Hi-5 EssayDespite all the modern frenzys that Network 9s Hi-5 lay outs, the handed-down and rudiments Play School offers more for early learners. These two children shows are compared in the features of form, adjudicate, auditory spirit and societal context. Hi-5 is contemporary and fast paced reflecting the modern culture whereas Play School importanttains a sense of simplicity and the traditional elements which still achieve the 21st century child. The importance of Hi-5 is to entertain whereas Play School recrudesces effectively. The purpose of the outset credits is to draw out the wanted moods of the consultation. Apparently, each calming episode of Play School begins with its symbolic, at rest tune introducing the familiar characters. The opening animation is set in softer tones which attract an open gender audience with characters inviting them to, come inside. This sets up a comforting atmosphere where the children feel v alued and safe, allowing learning to take place. by the opening credits, Play School displays traditional, simple values which emphasize and develop their main purpose of education. Hi-5 is real much concerned with image, consumerism and technology, and as seen in the opening credits, it immediately reinforces the main purpose of entertainment. The vibrant influence which are almost glowing and the saturationed patterns, female titled the audience into a state of joy, approximately reproducing the scene at a disco. The opening credits heavily feature their Hi-5 logo, which in turn is a devious form of product placement. Overall, both shows opening credits are shown in a unambiguously style. Play School is presented in a calm and a peaceful playful way, whereas, Hi-5 is shown in an well-being and over exaggerated enjoyable, fun way. Whereas Hi-5s priority is to create excitement and sell the product finished setting and music, Play Schools aim is to provide education in an en joyable way and helping the childrens intelligence and development. Play School is filmed in a studio resembling a ho physical exertion, in a safe, comfortable and calming surrounding encouraging learning.The realistic setting is provided with familiar, recognizable features such(prenominal) as house lights and colourful curtains. Many aspects of learning are taught through and through well-known songs sung in the traditional, common style to the simple supplement of a piano. The natural lighting adds to this sense of reality, and a controlled colour frame creates a calm, familiar mood for the audience. Hi-5 too, is shot in a studio, however, it is filmed with the presence of a live audience emphasising a concert setting, reinforcing its main purpose of entertainment. The vibrant lights blink like a performance, and the setting is spare with no familiar objects. This reflects modern popular culture, celebrity obsession and playful fun. Yet, turn unfamiliar, Hi-5 is still very evok e, inspiring the childrens imagination forcing them to use their imagination. This creates a happy atmosphere emphasising an exciting and energetic mood reinforcing the main purpose of entertainment.Therefore, both television shows have different and similar ways to engage the audience and their emotions. The structure of these two shows is controlled by the film techniques and technology. Hi-5 relies on flashing disco, coloured effect and cameras, whereas, Play School relies on a more naive approach. The constant, linear panning and minimal editing present in Play School reinforces the slow, calming mood. The viewers point of view is enhanced through the use of camera angles and a balanced full range of shots. This reinforces closeness and a connection in the midst of viewer and presenter. The minimal use of technology in Play School is non-threatening everyday objects are utilize to make craft which breaks down social barriers and encourages imagination. The toys used are fami liar and old-fashioned, encouraging a sense of tradition. Hi-5 however uses modern filming techniques with multiple cameras and fast, complex editing.The camera angles and differing points of view are unusual adding to the excitement and overexcited emotions. Combined into Hi-5 is animation, using props and graphics which appeal to a slightly older audience who live in a technological world. The props used, increase the party image preventing children from using their imagination. The main purpose is to entertain, whereas the purpose of Play School is to educate. So therefore, the features used in both programmes differ in order to meet the intended purposes. Through the use of soothing and calm tones, Play School enables their viewing audience to feel safe, while engaging them in learning. Through repetition, questions, instructions, alliteration and rhyme, the presenters repeat that learning is easy and fun. The combine of languages like in the simple song, Bravo Bravisimo, and the inclusion of sign language, Play School highlights social bridal and multiculturalism creating a stronger bond between the viewer and the presenters, reinforcing the purpose of education. The light, good humour is also combined to fulfil their secondary purpose of entertainment.Hi-5 uses the sophisticated and complex humour of jokes and parodies. Through giggling for instance, an exaggerated and happy tone is created as the presenters attempt to reflect a childs intelligence. This is further reinforced through the regular use of everyday language creating an overly friendly environment, whereas, the exaggerated body language reinforces entertainment and excitement. Through growth forms, purposes, audiences and social context Hi-5 and Play School contrast hugely. It is clear that the purpose of Play School is to educate whereas entertainment is the main purpose of Hi-5. Through aiming the intended emotions at their audience, both these programs achieve their intended purpose an d social context.

Impact of ICT on Country Development

Impact of ICT on Country DevelopmentExecutive SummaryIn this presentation we spread advice to the Government of Malambia, a to the lowest degree railed land with a gross domestic product per capita of US$480 and whose population of 39 cardinal good deal bulk of whom live in the rural aras. In the great city, a monopoly network of immovable mobilizes under the say control of the Ministry of poses and Tele conversations, has reached only 9% out of over 5 million. The rural aras have a teledensity of 0.25%. This advice includes how the orbit, which has deep sight a huge source of anoint in an vestigial location 100 kilometres from the jacket crown to a prosperous ICT driven country.This advice is laid out in National strategy for communications breeding in a chronological order beginning with justification to break monopoly and demand for competition form _or_ system of governance in Malambia. It shows the legal requirements and explains the privatised commercial environment. In the next chapter the counseld establishment of a national restrictive countenance is discussed showing fictional characters of regulative bodies, the role of regulatory countenance which lead include among others monitor office of relative frequency spectrum, approval of communication equipment, Management frequency spectrum, protection of consumers, licensing and pricing of telecoms wheeler dealers, managing profits protocol addresses and number portability and oecumenic assenting, frequency devisening and form _or_ system of government, and Interconnectivity,Under the same chapter we discuss achievable structure regulatory consistence, the fateed rules and regulation, the Legal, requirements for the regulatory authority, its independence and structure of the regulatory authority.In the next chapter we examine rolling-out ICT coverage in Malambia and we look at, network portion grooming, Connectivity of broadband, Introduction of VOIP serve, Oil and its impact on ICT development and strategies for ICT expansion strategies. In the next chapter we propose radical proposals for network interconnectivity with emphasis on general agreements on interconnectivity, requirements for smooth interconnectivity, interconnection helps, handling interconnectivity disputes and interconnection billing and chargesIn the next chapter, we examine the likely impact of impudently ICT run for a speedy economic growth in terms of refreshful technologies, new services in transformation of socio-economy, converged ICT services and give examples.Fin every(prenominal)y we crystallize recommendations which we believe entrust be useful and urge policy makers in Malambia to examine them and apply them.PreambleAt the end of 2009, over 145 restrictive Bodies were identified as being in place worldwide exclusively Malambia menstruumly doesnt have one. The Telecommunications industry in Malambia is simmer down in monopolizeric environment with the incumbent only telecommunication network offering fixed reverberate services under the control of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.Luckily for the people of Malambia a huge source of inunct was discovered recently in an undeveloped location 100 kilometres from the capital. One intellectual estimates this embrocate to produce gross by 2015.The discussion in this paper is advice to the government of Malambia on how the country sack up transform itself from its current lowly developmental status with emphasis on telecommunications in its m whatever forms. Specifically the paper exit discuss the nextA national strategy for communications developmentA description of the proposed regulatory structureSuggestions as to how the coverage level of the population can achieve 65% by 2015 substructure proposals on network interconnection in the raw services that allow assist with transforming the countries economyIt is suggested that the government and people of Malambia give the proposed changes apply by means of the legislature and the disparate processes to achieve the transformation in telecommunications that leave give the country the impetus to economic and social progress in the modern era of communications.National dodge For communications DevelopmentThe Need To Break MonopolyThe relaxation is the opening of a monopolistic market to warring provision of facilities and services removal of legal constraints which prevent communication service providers from entering markets and providing competitive services. marketplace liberalization seeks to remove administrative and regulatory encumbrances that argon related to business start-up, operation, trade, payment of taxes, closure and capital flows and profit repatriation by reducing the time and cost associated with various government and other requirements (Canto 2010 1).Malambia needs to liberalise the telecommunications welkin to make change to previous legal restrictions in telecommu nications policy and come up with a new Communication virtues, the creation of a Communication regulative Authority, the streamlining of national policy to planetary standards, and the set of policy for castment and business control. In most World Trade Organisation (WTO) member countries, liberalisation has come to mean the opening of a monopolistic market to competitive provision of facilities and services, whether the former monopoly operator is a state enterprise or a private enterprise (World Bank, 2006).Justification For A controversy Policy In MalambiaA monopoly granted either to an individual or to a trading community has the same effect as a secret in trade or manufactures. The monopolists, by memory the market constantly under-stocked, by never fully supplying the effectual demand, sell their commodities much to a higher place the natural impairment, and raise their emoluments, whether they consist in wages or profit, greatly in a higher place their natural rate . (Smith 1776)ICT reforms in Malambia should ge bed towards breaking the monopolistic government owned telecommunications comp either and allow many operators to compete for service delivery. Competition helps the country in many ways much(prenominal)(prenominal) as competitive prices as consumers can choose the company of their choice, introduction of opposite products and services and innovations. As competition among service providers increases more customers ar brought into the business bracket and in that respectfore the government gets more taxes which are used to develop other sectors of the economy. With prospects for oil revenues many outside(a) telecommunications companies will come to Malambia only if the telecommunications environment is liberalised.Legal RequirementsIn short, competition policy in Malambia will encourage efficiency, optimum allocation of resources and technical advancement but this will need to be secured by law. First, the single most important f actor to successful privatisation or liberalisation is essentialer out government tendencys for the telecom sector and the adoption of policies to achieve those goals. Second, one critical issue for successful liberalisation is an open and transparent regulation. The WTO agreement requires that the regulator be independent of state operator, as this allows accountability, transparency and blondness (Canto 2010 5).Malambian government will therefore need to prepare an anti-monopoly Bill that will be discussed and forwarded to the Parliament to be signed as an act of Parliament and then by the president into law. Modern competition law has historically evolved on a country level to promote and maintain competition in markets in the main within the territorial boundaries of nation-states. National competition law usually does non cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level (Martyn 2006 1).When protected by law most outside(a) companies feel secure to invest in a country and Malambia will not be exceptional.The Privatised commercial EnvironmentAn environment in which it is possible to establish a company with a number of shareholders under a legal name and trade mark is referred to as a commercial environment. Privatisation is the transfer of assets or service delivery from the Government agencies to individuals or groups of individuals. The transfer be exclusive to the operation, management or meat ownership of formerly government owned entities. Privatisation of Malambia ICT services will bring about numerous benefits such as better and diversified products and services, cheaper services as there will not be price fixing, innovations in products and service delivery in order for companies to get or retain clients, wider coverage as competing firms search for clients and of course more revenues to the government in terms of taxes.A privatised environment calls for private investors to invest their capi tal in companies as companies need to use the capital to upgrade their hardware, invest in new technologies and acquire the essentials for the companies to because there are no government subsidies to use. Private investors want to make sure there will be returns on their investments and will make sure there is fair-play, a level play field and security for their investments. Fair-play among the different operators is markd by a regulatory body that monitors and evaluates how the operators follow and abide by the rules, regulations and laws in place.Proposed Establishment Of Malambia restrictive AuthorityIn order to enforce the application and use of the communication laws, rules and regulations in the liberalised market, attract regional and internationalist investors and protect consumers from cartels and overpricing through collusion in ICT sector in Malambia, there is need to set up an Independent Communications regulative Authority to ensure a smooth transition from a sin gle government operator to multi-operators in the ICT sector.Malambia should use the regulatory body tocreate and deliver fair, accessible, faster and modern service to consumersallow access to a wide start of communications servicesattract regional/international investorsput in place reasonable prices and tone of voice of communication servicesprotect consumers from high tariffsallow smooth coexistence of different operatorsensure the independence for policy-makers and operators.Types Of regulative Bodies in that location are different types of regulatory bodies a single-sector regulator, a converged institutional design, a multi-sector regulatory authority likes the Rwanda Utilities regulatory Agency (RURA) and a non specific telecommunications regulatory authority (ICT regulation toolkit 2010)It is recommended that converged institutional design which refers to regulatory bodies that oversee a range of services which include telecommunications, information and communications t echnologies and broadcasting, will be beat out suitable for Malambia considering the fact that it will be changing from a one operator monopoly type of market, head in mind the availability of resources especially human resources.The Role Of restrictive Authority In MalambiaIn discussing the role of the regulatory body in Malambia emphasis is placed on its role in the privatised and liberalised telecommunication sector. Other sector may be considered by the policy makers. The regulatory body should have the following policy principlesa. Always make consultations with all stakeholders and evaluate the possible impact of their action prior to gilded regulations actors in the sectors.b. Make research on markets always and remain abreast with technological understanding.c. Avoid intervention, but do so promptly, effectively and firmly when required.d. Ensure interventions that are proportionate, consistent, transparent, accountable and which is based on say when investigating and implementing the resolutions.e. Where specific statutory duty to work calls for it, Intervene for a existence policy and goal which cannot be achieved by markets.f. With stated policy objectives, regulate and articulate publicly discussed annual plan.g. In regulatory matters, seek less intrusion to attain its stated policy objectives.Monitoring Use Of Frequency SpectrumThis refers to the support and supervision of the operation of communication networks and stations according to the legislation. This will allow economical and sustainable provision of communication services to their customers by severaliseing transmitter, monitor compliance with regulations and whether the transmission meet the specified technical requirements. This will prevent unlicensed and defective transmitters from interfering with legally permitted transmitters.Approval Of Communication EquipmentThe restrictive Authority ensures that all communication equipment entering the country conform to acceptable nat ional, regional and international standards to ensure the quality and natural rubber of users. It will the ensure quality of services provided by operators, safety and compatibility among the different users. In this regard the regulatory authority will ensure that the quality Malambians is above reproach and is acceptable.Management Frequency SpectrumThere is need to set up a clear policy on frequency spectrum management to ensure a rational, efficient and economic use of frequencies. This should be by virtue of existing legal and regulatory poser that governs ICT in the country and utilise by the restrictive Authority. The frequency spectrum may cover three sections which are frequency assignment, frequency spectrum monitoring and frequency spectrum enforcement.Protection Of ConsumersCommunication licenses include conditions that protect the consumers such as billing practices, dispute resolution, consumer complaint mechanisms, price regulation, emergency services, and mandato ry services to consumers and limitations of liability for service defaults. The Regulatory Authority should make and publicise a code of conduct for service providers showing the required behaviour, duties and responsibilities in ICT sector. Consumers should be protected from excessive prices, poor service delivery and unreliable service provision such as poor lines or intermittent telephone lines.Licensing And Pricing Of Telecommunications doersThe legal framework should empower the Regulatory Authority to receive and process applications for communication licenses, monitor the pricing, arbitrate disputes and interconnectivity between the different communications providers, if requirements are met. Operators licenses are normally issued through open tender to allow equal opportunities to the bidders and get the best offers from operators in the communication service providers.Internet Protocol Addresses And Number PortabilityRegulatory Authorities are responsible for exploitation national numbering plans in conformity with international standards bearing in mind the need to contemporise with regional and international norms. Regulatory Authority in Malambia shall set these numbers in tandem with the recommendations of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), telephone numbering plan and the International Telecommunication inwardness (ITU). The Regulator will put in place the numbering system bearing mind the international standards and regional norms. The Regulator will too set requirements and registrars which must be met an entity to be licensed for IP address.Universal accessUniversal accessrefers to the ability of all people to have equal opportunity and access to a service or product from which they can benefit, regardless of their social class, ethnicity, ancestry or strong-arm disabilities. There should be a clause in each operators license obliging them not to furcate certain areas because they are removed(p), poor or i naccessible and the regulator should monitor their implementation by ensure ICT services are spread according to the universal access principles in order to connect remote area so that each all people of can be provided with the benefits. The Regulatory Authority should also manage the Universal Access Funds and collect revenue from various sources, which targeted subsidies to implement universal programs. These bills shall be administered independently.Frequency Planning And PolicyRegulatory Authority for an efficient development of implementation policies and plans relating to should plan and put in place policies for the spectrum utilisation. It is possible to use frequencies generate incomes and jobs with proper planning and management.Proposal Of Regulatory Structure In MalambiaA regulatory Authority should be established in Malambia to ensure that ICT sector is regulated and that consumers are protected from unfair and get the service they pay for. There needs to be in place an affective Regulatory Authority to ensure credibility to ensure continued inlet into the market and compliance with and enforcement of existing regulations.The authority shall issue Individual licenses delivery, monitor compliance to the rules and regulations, avoid cartels and anticompetitive tendencies on part of providers, ensure quality of service and ensure users are not cheated through high charges above the market prices.Putting In Rules And RegulationAs placed in the preamble, the current single fixed-line provider in Malambia is a government Institution under the ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. The current law cannot serve the commercial environment envisaged in the country. There is need to change the law and consequently, a regulatory authority and its independence. This calls for the following making new policies and regulations that regulate network operation, frequency, numbers, IP addresses, liaise with regional and international organisations and manage disputes.Legal FrameworkCountries develop and adopt different laws and legal system depending on the local situations and the interests of those that make laws the development of the Malambia regulatory framework, rules, laws, and regulations that identify contractual obligations and property rights of government and stakeholders must be developed basing on the local conditions while adopting best international norms and values.Requirements For The Regulatory AuthorityThe Regulatory Authority in Malambia should incorporate International standards used and applied throughout the world. This will require the Regulatory Authority should ensure its independence, predictability, transparency, accountability, and capacity.Independence Of The Regulatory AuthorityThe Regulatory Authority should be separate and independent in operation and strategic terms from the government agencies and the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications so that it can carry out its duties without undue influence from the government control. This will give operators and the public confidence in the neutrality of its decisions and will attract investors.Structure Of The Regulatory AuthorityUnder the supervision of the Director General, the Regulatory body should have the department shown belowSpectrum and International DepartmentLegal personal businessLicensing E-CommerceTechnology Development DepartmentRegulatory AffairsFinanceSupport runCorporate CommunicationsRolling-Out Ict CoverageThis chapter examines the possibility of widen the coverage of ICT throughout Malambia. It is expected that with increased revenue from the discovered oil more investment opportunities will attract even more investors. But with or without oil the country should start planning for the rollout through private investments. There is no doubt that ICT development is an engine in incr relief the awareness of nationals and their role in development, education sector and competitiveness. The growth in the use of ICT in society should benefit the country in many forms commerce and banking through e-banking and e-commerce, faster and cheap communication, through e-education, e-health and telemedicine.Internet Service ProvisionThe role of the Internet in increasing the efficiency of economies in different countries as well as fastening and easing communication and thereby raising countries economies and consequently GDP cannot be overemphasised. Internet provision as a solution in developing and reaching undeveloped or underdeveloped areas has been successful in many poor countries including while increasing revenues both at national and individual levels among the population and Malambia should be no exception. Issuing licences to multi-operator Internet Services Providers (ISP) in Malambia will reduce the price of connectivity while promoting competition among players.Connectivity Of BroadbandLeased line prices are high in many developing countries which operate under monopolistic single provid er marketplaces. The Internet broadband connectivity and radio receiver unsettled telephone reduce the cost of communication. The aim should be to increase Internet penetration, promote investment in wireless connectivity, and urge landline operators to deliver reliable services through leased lines and make better the quality of overall services provided.Introduction Of VoIP ServicesThe Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) greatly reduces the cost of telephone calls and many operators around the world are using this to carry their international traffics. The Regulatory Authority will decide whether to licence this medium of communication bearing in mind the views of telephone operators as the use of VoIP may impact their profitability. The Regulator shall then decide how the two media can coexist and whether will be forfeited at the expense of the other. The decision of the Regulator should be independent from any external influence whether government or otherwise.Oil And Its Impa ct On Ict DevelopmentAccording to an expert from Texas, in the USA, the discovered oil reserves in Malambia, will produce revenues by 2015. Bearing in mind that the current Malambian GDP per capita is US$480, there is possibility that peoples incomes will rise while the government revenues will increase multi-fold. This will avail the resources needed resources to put in place the necessary infrastructure while increasing peoples disposable incomes through job creation and other horizontal synergies related to the oil industry and therefore their ability to demand and pay for services.Oil has many products such as air fuels, petrol, kerosene, diesel, LPG, lubricating oils and bitumen. every last(predicate) these products will be used for different purpose to enhance the living standards, purchasing power, and life style of Malambians hence the need to for improved quality of service in ICT.With a population 39 million whose incomes and the standard of living are improved the pur chasing power will be a drawing card to international investors in the ICT sector.Ict Expansion StrategiesThe expansion of ICT services in a liberalised economy is the responsibility of service providers, who according to the terms of licences they bided for, follow the clause stipulating spreading their services to cover the entire nation without autocratic areas because of the geography, remoteness or development.The Regulatory Authority will ensure that those terms are followed and no areas of the country are excluded. This will ensure that Malambians of all walks can access the ICT services.To attain the expansion of ICT coverage in Malambia there will be need for train of people to help others in the use of the different ICT applications. For example groups of people should be trained to help the majority of Malambians who cannot access and use the internet in Internet Cafes.Universal access, for instance using the Universal Access Fund, should be used to fund and make improv ements in service delivery in Malambia particularly areas that are under serviced or people are illiterate to train peers who will in turn train others.Radical Proposals For Network InterconnectivityIntroductionThe Regulatory Authority in Malambia will define the rules of interconnection and also establish the rules by which the former monopolist interacts with the other new operators. Where there is fair-play Malambia will attract investors. The Regulator must allow the new ICT Operators to find out their investments through a pre-determined exclusive period.General intellects On InterconnectivityThe agreement is be based on what type of service is provided by providers namely fixed to fixed phone network, mobile to mobile phone network, fixed to mobile phone network, mobile to fixed phone network, and ISP to mobile or fixed phone network.It is possible for two or more networks to exchange traffic and inputs in legally referred to as interconnectivity and this should be facilitat ed by law. The Regulatory Authority put in place principles of connectivity and makes them cognize. Agreement among operators regarding interconnectivity should be forwarded to Regulatory Authority in concert with interconnection fees. The Regulator will then monitor the implementation, competition and intervene when necessary. Interconnection is non-discriminatory and an operator should not enter into agreement with another operator for interconnection fees different from the ones published by the regulatory authority.Whereas monitoring domestic interconnectivity within the country is easy and beneficial to the service providers, the regulatory body should find modalities for easing international interconnectivity between Malambia and other countries networks for the Malambians who call or receive international calls. This may be achieved by reaching agreements and understandings with regulatory bodies of other countries or using the WTO regulations.Requirements For Smooth Interco nnectivityConnectivity is based on the principles transparency and non-discriminationAgreement on interconnectivity should involve willing partiesThe acceptable standard of quality of networks should be agree on passable capacity for interconnectivity should be provided by operatorsThe cost of interconnectivity should be agreed on prior to interconnectingTechnical matters and international standards on interconnectivity between Network providers should be agreed onDispute between and among interconnected parties should be resolved by Regulator.Interconnection ServicesNational and International Call Termination also known as voice termination, refers to the handing off or routing of telephone calls from one telephone company, also known as a carrier or provider, to another. The terminating point is the called caller or end point. The originating point is the calling party who initiates the call.National and International Call Transit/ RoamingIndirect Access Services Refers to the ac cess that a proofreader whose service is directly connected to the network of one carrier may have to the services provided by another carrier or service provider (Ovum 2003)Source Byung W. Kim, Chang Y. Choo, Seong H. Seol (n. d.) Economic Effects of Indirect Access Regime in the Mobile Telecommunicaion Market online available from 1 April 2010Other services the Regulatory Authority must take care in interconnectivity arePhysical InterconnectionAccess to the Information on the Operator and Directory EnquiriesAccess to Emergency ServicesAdditional services (Premium Rate and Free Phone services)Co-location.Handling Interconnectivity DisputesThe Regulatory Authority should resolve disputes among operators through negotiations and application of the standards and laws. There should be room for negotiations before cases are taken to the Regulatory Authority. Operators should not abuse consumer rights and the Regulator should apply the law where it occurs. Parties that are not happy with resolutions of the Regulatory body may appeal to the courts of law.Interconnection Billing And ChargesInterconnectivity bills and charges may be done several ways such asParties can make their own reconciliation,Bills may be exchanged within an agreed period of time at the end of a billing period Exchanging invoices afterwards reconciliationInterconnectivity agreements should indicate the currency of payment whether local currency or internationalPayment agreements should stipulate the payment after receipt of invoices.It common practice that providers pay a certain amount amongst themselves for calls.Impact Of New Ict Services For A Rapid Economic GrowthIntroductionWhen innovative technologies, ICT services and improved technologies are initiated in Malambia, the national economy will be enhanced. Synergies will be created with these technologies and services which will improve the socio-economic eudaemonia of Malambians. This is likely to improve the living standards, health , commerce, fiscal state of the government and investment climate in the country.New TechnologiesWith new technology in the countrys communication networks living conditions will be improved. Some of those technologies are listed as followinga. Multimedia applications such as WiMAX will be introduce in Malambia and their use will impact the different spheres of Malambians.b. Improvement of ICTs in Malambia will lead to provision high speed and quality, the multimedia audio and video and information streaming through technologies like WiBRO.c. Subscription to Pay per view Television (PTV) whether analog or digital cable and satellite based TV services and digital terrestrial methods will ease access to information.Other modern technologies, which may bring rapid development and transformation, in Malambia, are NGNs, W-CDMA, ADSL, GSM 1900, HC-SDMA, UMTS, CDMA, EV-DO and many others.New Services In Transformation Of Socio-Economy In MalambiaThe ICTs reforms in Malambia should be the socio-economic development and transformation. There is relationship between access to telecommunication and per capita GDP. With better communication Malambians will trade and get informed.All ICT services in Malambia will transform the socio-economic transformation of the people while giving confidence to international investors. This makes it imperative to the reform of ICTs in the country.Underdeveloped as the country is, Malambia needs to introduce different services to better its economy. Where such services have been introduced sustainable development been realised.The services that should be the acquisitions of Internet domains and sites, ICT enquiry and technological development, development and design in semiconductor, e-democracy, e-learning, e-government, telemedicine, e-procurement, e-commerce, video conferencing.There are many benefits to the people of Rwanlawi from the use mobile phones technology such asBusiness will increase and become cheaper with the use mobile ph ones and use of SMS to make orders for products and service as sellers and buyers will be in touch at any time of the day.It will be important in Telemedicine, the Doctors can check on the status of the patients where they m