Segregation and Housing in Chicago :: American America History

Segregation and Housing in breadChicago was the best place to cognize and natter for anyone. many a(prenominal) bulk traveled from far places to visit and live in Chicago. Long after the knowledge domain War II many things started reshaping America. One of the most significant was the racial change only all oer America but specifically in Chicago. numerous southern blacks started to touch off into Chicago. Chicago started to die mostly dominated by blacks and other minorities while whites started to bleed into the suburbs of Chicago. Beginning in the 1930s, with the citys black population increase and whites fleeing to the suburbs, the black vote became a precious commodity to the white politicians seeking to maintain control (Green, 117). Many of the mayors such as Edward J. Kelly, Martin H. Kennelly, and Richard J. Daley won over the blacks and got their votes for them to become mayor. The black population grew by 77 percent by the 1940. The white population dropped fro m 102,048 to 10,792 during the years of 1940 to 1960. With all of these people moving into Chicago there had to be more housing. thither were many houses built to accommodate all the people. Martin H. Kennelly at one time treasured to tear down slums and have public housing built in the black ghetto. Many of the blacks wanted to escape these ghettos so some of them if they could they would try to move to the white communities. When the blacks would try to move into the white communities they were met with mobs. There were many hurdles that blacks had to overcome non only in Chicago but all over America. The blacks of Chicago had to fight for a place to live and to find a mayor that would help them for who they are, not their color. Throughout Chicago there were many fights that blacks had to fight. It was not easy for blacks to live in the city because everyplace they went they were faced with whites trying to get them to move out. Led by comedian Dick Gregory, 75 people proteste d in the Bridgeport neighborhood. As these protestors walked many people of the Bridgeport neighborhood threw eggs and tomatoes, showed Ku Klux Klan signs and shouted, Two-four-six-eight, we dont want to integrate and Oh, I wish I was an Alabama trooper, that is what Id really like to be-ee-ee. Cuz if I was and Alabama trooper, I could kill the niggers legally (Biles, 112).Segregation and Housing in Chicago American America HistorySegregation and Housing in ChicagoChicago was the best place to live and visit for anyone. Many people traveled from far places to visit and live in Chicago. Long after the World War II many things started reshaping America. One of the most significant was the racial change all over America but specifically in Chicago. Many southern blacks started to move into Chicago. Chicago started to become mostly dominated by blacks and other minorities while whites started to move into the suburbs of Chicago. Beginning in the 1930s, with the citys black populatio n increasing and whites fleeing to the suburbs, the black vote became a precious commodity to the white politicians seeking to maintain control (Green, 117). Many of the mayors such as Edward J. Kelly, Martin H. Kennelly, and Richard J. Daley won over the blacks and got their votes for them to become mayor. The black population grew by 77 percent by the 1940. The white population dropped from 102,048 to 10,792 during the years of 1940 to 1960. With all of these people moving into Chicago there had to be more housing. There were many houses built to accommodate all the people. Martin H. Kennelly at one time wanted to tear down slums and have public housing built in the black ghetto. Many of the blacks wanted to escape these ghettos so some of them if they could they would try to move to the white communities. When the blacks would try to move into the white communities they were met with mobs. There were many hurdles that blacks had to overcome not only in Chicago but all over Americ a. The blacks of Chicago had to fight for a place to live and to find a mayor that would help them for who they are, not their color. Throughout Chicago there were many fights that blacks had to fight. It was not easy for blacks to live in the city because everywhere they went they were faced with whites trying to get them to move out. Led by comedian Dick Gregory, 75 people protested in the Bridgeport neighborhood. As these protestors walked many people of the Bridgeport neighborhood threw eggs and tomatoes, showed Ku Klux Klan signs and shouted, Two-four-six-eight, we dont want to integrate and Oh, I wish I was an Alabama trooper, that is what Id really like to be-ee-ee. Cuz if I was and Alabama trooper, I could kill the niggers legally (Biles, 112).

Crossroads of Tibet :: miscellaneous

Crossroads of TibetTibet, the roof of the world, is the highest and the most isolated country on earth. fixed between chinaware and Nepal, imagine a place tucked safely away from the world, hidden by walls of snowcapped mountains, rich with strange beauty and innocence.Tibetans are in truth confined people, their clothes are plain and simple like ropes but are actually silky and thick, unlike Chinese gowns which are flamboyant. They may feel old fetchers but that is because the cold makes them look dry and old, but they are actually very pleasant people. During those days, they did not allow foreigners to enter their country. They were not cover anything but they believed that foreign people would want to modernize their country, which they were against. Tibetans want to maintain their culture without changes, like a time capsule. Tibetans believe that walking for a colossal distance to holy places purifies the bad deeds they have committed and that the more difficult the journe y, the greater the depth of the purification. In 1949, Chairman Moa Tse-Tung was triumphantly proclaimed attraction of the new Peoples Republic of China, vowing that the first task of the communist regime, was to reunite the Chinese motherland. He declared that remote kingdom of Tibet was an integral fracture of Chinese territory and must rejoin the great republic.As the news passed to the ears of the Tibetan government, they replied firmly that The government of Tibet recognizes no foreign sovereign, and we are an Independent nation and all Chinese officials will be expelled from Tibet, and have a safe and pleasant return to China. The government of Tibet knew that they would have a war against China which they did not intend to for it to happen and in the early 1950s His Holiness, the 14th Dalai Lama was called upon to assume full political power of Head of State, when Tibet was threatened by the might of China. His Holiness, Tenzin Gyatso, at the age of 12 was the spiritual an d temporal leader of the Tibetan people, was recognised as the reincarnation of his predecessor, the 13th Dalai Lama, was born in a small village of Takster Northeast of Tibet.His Holiness dreamt that the village of Takster in Amdo including the northern border regions of Tibet was secured by the Chinese killing every man, woman and child. In his dream, images of monks were compel against their own will to point a gun to each others head.

Physical Medicine :: Health Treatment Psychiatry Rehab Essays

Physical MedicinePHYSICAL MEDICINEPHYSICAL MEDICINE excessively called PHYSIATRY, PHYSICAL THERAPY, OR REHABILITATION MEDICINE, health check specialty concerned with the treatment of chronic disabilities and with the restoration of normal functioning to the disabled through physical modes of treatment, such(prenominal) as exercise. This specialized medical emolument is generally aimed at rehabilitating persons disabled by pain or ailments affecting the motor functions of the body. Physical medicine is whizz means employed to assist these patients to return to a comfortable and productive life, often despite the persistence of a medical problem. For centuries man used such natural physical agents as hot springs and sunlight to treat his ailments, but the development of physical medicine as a specialized medical service took place largely after World War I. Two factors influenced its growth in the 20th century--epidemic poliomyelitis and the two world wars--both of which created large numbers of young, staidly handicapped persons. Physical medicine was definitively established through the American physician Howard A. Rusks efforts to rehabilitate wounded soldiers during and after World War II. Physical medicine hence became available for the treatment of patients with such diverse problems as fractures, burns, tuberculosis, painful backs, strokes, nerve and spinal cord injuries, diabetes, birth defects, arthritis, and vision and speech impairments. Physical medicine is close associated with orthopaedic surgery, but it is also prescribed by physicians and surgeons in all branches of medicine. Physicians who specialize in physical medicine argon called physiatrists. The objectives of physical medicine are relief of pain, improvement or maintenance of functions such as strength and mobility, training in the intimately effective method of performing essential activities, and testing of function in various areas. Tests cover such fields as muscle strength, d egree of joint mobility, breathing capacity, and muscular coordination. The therapeutic means most commonly employed include heat, massage, exercise, electric currents, and functional training. Since the 1970s these basic means have been supplemented and enhanced by psychological counselling, occupational therapy, and a contour of other treatments which may be used in concert to help the disabled person achieve the fullest possible life despite the persistence of his medical problem. Heat is used generally to stimulate circulation and to relieve pain in the area treated. It may be applied by infrared lamps, shortwave radiation, or high-frequency electrical currents (diathermy) by hot, moist compresses or immersion in hot water (hydrotherapy) or by ultrasound. Massage primarily aids circulation and relieves local pain or muscle spasm.

The Immeasurable Value of Science Essay -- Science, Scientific Theorie

Few people would disagree that the study of scholarship is a vital part of the world we live in. It is when you take a step back and assess why is true that you are equal to(p) to appreciate wisdom for its many an(prenominal) contributions to our daily lives. When thinking of intuition, people ordinarily think of some high school or college laboratories filled with students working with Bunsen burners and beakers bubbling with colored liquids, but science goes far beyond the walls of these educational facilities. Science can be found not only in laboratories and classrooms, but also outside in a meadow, or in the kitchen of a restaurant, or even in the night sky. From pharmaceutical labs that create medication to helps people fight diseases, to a seventh grade class excited to fling their hand-crafted rockets, to understanding that scientific theories are used to better describe natural occurrences science is everywhere, and is utilized in all different types of mediums. It i s important to call that science plays a crucial role in society and each person individually because constantly effecting us all in so many extraordinary ways.Science is subject in which many people view as a study of creating, building, and experimenting with things to discover and form results. One aspect of science is about creating objects and building knowledge to find results and products that expand on current ideas and devices. A popular television show on the Discovery Science channel, How Its Made, offers viewer a glimpse into the processes of how objects from our everyday lives are created and assembled. In one episode, the show follows the process from which plastic materials are melted, dyed, molded and then run by a series of machines to produce thousan... ...rough various examples of science thought of, explored, and applied in every day life, it is clear that science holds extreme value for individuals and society. Without science we would be drudgingly stuck wit h the same thoughts, ideas and products because we were uninterested in thinking rationally about how to improve upon these existing things to create and inspire better. Without science we would not be able to have an intellectual understanding and enjoyment of many processes and occurrences in our every day lives. Of course, without science, the white paper you read from, the shoes you walk in, and the car you admit would not exist. It is important to know that science plays a vital part in all of our lives, every day, at any given moment, and the value of science to the individual and society is immeasurable with all of these many things taken into account.

Alternative Fuel Vehicles You Can Buy Today :: Automobiles Environmental Gas Economics Essays

Alternative Fuel Vehicles You Can Buy TodayFrom the earliest days of the self-propelling industry alternative fuels have always competed with petroleum for powering vehicles. Nicholas Cugnot made the first self-powered road vehicle in 1769 with a steam engine, and the first gasoline cable car didnt appear until over 100 years later from Karl Benz. Through the late 19th and early 20th century steam and electric power remained hygienic contenders. The invention of the self-starter for gasoline engines by Cadillac eventually proved the undoing of the early steam cars, which required warming up. Electric cars continued to be produced for a time longer, but the expanding road network gradually made their short range of 8-15 miles between charges too inconvenient for many uses. Today we understand that the wholesale enthusiastic of petroleum cant continue forever. As the new century opens alternative fuel vehicles are becoming more and more common. Major manufacturers such as Ford, Da imler/Chrysler, and guild offer dual fuel cars and trucks now. These vehicles allow you to choose between gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG) for cleaner emissions. Other large manufacturers such as General Motors, Toyota, and Honda are concentrating on electric vehicles. These global automakers are slowly moving from conventional to alternative power as the technology is developed and refined. topical battery technology allows a maximum range of about 125 miles per charge. The leading edge of electric vehicle technology is occupied by more than smaller companies. Bombardier, Pivco AS, and S-LEM AG have designed small, lightweight city cars intended for daily use in dense urban environments. Corbin-Pacific and Zebra Motors have chosen to trim on performance. Both companies produce creditable sports cars that just happen to be electrically powered. Do you have an idea that you think will work for an rather powered vehicle concept? The U.S. Department of Energy invites smal l businesses (500 employees or less) to submit grant applications on hybrid electric vehicle technology. Applicants may find oneself up to $75,000 US for a Phase I grant to develop the feasibility of the idea.Hydrogen VehiclesFuel DescriptionHydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but is rarely plant in its uncombined form on the earth. When combusted (oxidized) it creates only water vapor as a by-product (4H + O2 = 2 H20). When burned in an internal electrocution engine, however, combustion also produces small amounts of nitrogen oxides and small amounts of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide because of engine lubricants.

Alternative Fuel Vehicles You Can Buy Today :: Automobiles Environmental Gas Economics Essays

Alternative Fuel Vehicles You Can Buy TodayFrom the earliest geezerhood of the automotive industry alternative fuels have always competed with petroleum for springing vehicles. Nicholas Cugnot made the first self-powered road vehicle in 1769 with a steam engine, and the first flatulence automobile didnt appear until over 100 years later from Karl Benz. Through the late 19th and early 20th century steam and electric power remained strong contenders. The invention of the self-starter for gasoline engines by Cadillac eventually proved the undoing of the early steam cars, which required warming up. Electric cars continued to be produced for a while longer, but the expanding road net execution gradually made their short range of 8-15 miles between charges too inconvenient for many uses. Today we understand that the sell burning of petroleum cant continue forever. As the new century opens alternative fuel vehicles are becoming more and more common. Major manufacturers such as Ford, D aimler/Chrysler, and Fiat offer dual fuel cars and trucks now. These vehicles allow you to choose between gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG) for cleaner emissions. Other large manufacturers such as General Motors, Toyota, and Honda are concentrating on electric vehicles. These global automakers are slowly moving from conventional to alternative power as the technology is authentic and refined. Current battery technology allows a maximum range of about 125 miles per charge. The leading edge of electric vehicle technology is occupied by much smaller companies. Bombardier, Pivco AS, and S-LEM AG have designed small, lightweight city cars intended for daily use in dense urban environments. Corbin-Pacific and Zebra Motors have elect to concentrate on performance. Both companies produce creditable sports cars that just happen to be electrically powered. Do you have an idea that you think will work for an alternatively powered vehicle concept? The U.S. Department of Energy invites small businesses (500 employees or less) to submit grant applications on hybrid electric vehicle technology. Applicants may receive up to $75,000 US for a Phase I grant to develop the feasibility of the idea.Hydrogen VehiclesFuel DescriptionHydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but is seldom found in its uncombined form on the earth. When combusted (oxidized) it creates only water vapor as a by-product (4H + O2 = 2 H20). When burned in an subjective combustion engine, however, combustion also produces small amounts of nitrogen oxides and small amounts of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide because of engine lubricants.

Multifactorial Model of Health Psychology

The multifactorial mold in haleness psychological cognizance is a leading paradigm that recognizes the multi-faceted temperament of nauseaes. It is not a clear-cut, simple plate that a infirmity is caused by a singular factor. The fact is that decades if not over a century of neo research has guide to the recognition that a host of factors, as well as their interactions, function in illness and health determination (Nevid & Rathus, p. 126). These varied factors that the multifactorial model indicates to be the range of accomplishable influences or causes of diseases cover the mental, sociocultural, environmental, and stressors.This broad range of factors, which include both those within and without ones control, determine an individuals health and his/her level of susceptibleness to health problems (Nevid & Rathus, p. 127). Psychological or spirit and behavior factors figure in quite a large-mouthed number of health problems. such is seen in the large number of preventa ble deaths that occur periodic in the United States. For one, smoking leads to way over 400,000 annual deaths from tidy sumcer, diseases of the heart and lungs, and stroke.Some 300,000 year deaths stroke, heart disease, cancer, and diabetes can truly be prevented with good aliment and proper exercise. Immunizations, moderation or control of alcohol drinking, and abstinence or safe sex practices could as well succor prevent deaths from infectious diseases, vehicular and other accidents/injuries, and sexually transmitted diseases, respectively (Nevid & Rathus, p. 128). It should be well noted that depression and other negative psychological states could actually render an impaired immune outline functioning (Nevid & Rathus, p. 126).The reason for this is that, contrary to popular call ining, the mental and the corporeal atomic number 18 not entirely separate domains but, instead intertwined (Nevid & Rathus, p. 131). Biological factors include age, gender, genetics, as well as injuries, exposure to pathogens and inoculations. Ones genetic make-up, while beyond an individuals capacity to be altered, tend to make received pile falsely assume that their health is ill-fated by, say, a family history of diabetes. Having a family history of a disease can make some people think fatalistically that nothing they do can ameliorate their chances of overcoming or escaping a disease. Dr. Robert N.Hoover of the National Cancer Institute, however, says that many cases of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and others merely give rise to predispositions, not really trustworthyties (Nevid & Rathus, p. 126). Environmental factors include pollution, body of water quality, hygiene from solid waster treatment and sanitation, natural disasters, and even global warming and depletion of the ozone layer. Personal stressors cover a wide range of situations such as daily hassles at home, co-workers, time pressure, and financial insecurity frustrations major life changes workp lace situation and isolation or rejection by peers (Nevid & Rathus, p. 27). Thus, in the diagnosis of illnesses, the multifactorial model considers the possible roles played by psychological, biological, environmental/cultural factors, along with their interactions (Nevid & Rathus, p. 126). In the United States, the application of the psychological health model can be seen in studies that attempt to explain the phenomenon of black Americans seemingly suffering from health problems more than compared to the European Americans.The ethnicity consideration has led to studies showing that African-Americans whitethorn indeed be genetically predisposed to hypertension but, at the same time, poor diet, stress and smoking contribute to the development of the disease. Such consideration has also led to findings that the temperament of Afro-Americans to have lower access level to quality health care help explain, for instance, why they are slight prone to receive surgeries for hip and kne e replacements (Nevid & Rathus, p. 128). Use of psychology in Understanding Illnesses Diagnosing, fellow feeling and managing headaches have been helped a lot with the use of psychology.The multifactorial model views headaches, migraine headaches in particular, as cosmos triggered by multiple factors that include fluctuations in hormonal levels/balance, stress, barometric pressure changes, exposure to very bright lights, certain drug use, certain chemical ingestion, and certain foods, among others (Nevid & Rathus, p. 132). Said factors, of course, involve biological and environmental factors, but also psychological ones which are more the concern of health psychologyhow psychological factors interact with physical health problems, including in terms of triggering, preventing, or treating diseases (Nevid & Rathus, p. 18). health psychology studies have shown that stress figures in migraine headaches. The causal mechanisms that underlie migraines have been described to be complex and not well understoodwith neurotransmitter serotonin imbalance and resulting blood flow changes in the brain coming into court to be related somehow. The psychological attitude has identified stress and glaring lights exposure, among others, as possible triggers for migraine headaches. As well, this branch of psychology has indicated that behavioral lintel responses may help people plough with headaches.While evidence collated in a study showing that women suffering from regular migraines tend to be more self-critical, likely to make a grand thing of lifes stresses, and less likely to look for social keep going during periods of stress, is only correlation, the study does suggest that peoples behavior may inadvertently be leading them into a vicious cycle. Psychology shows that with recurrent headaches such as migraine, certain behaviors help trigger the illness as a lot as how the refusal to avail of social support may further aggravate emotional distress and pain from migr aines (Nevid & Rathus, p. 32). With advances in health science in general, headaches straightaway are better managed, with its triggers even creation avoided. Psychology has helpe understand and cope with migraines also by way of advising people, women in particular, not to accept such an illness as normal and, instead, advise them to be more assertive with their doctors who limit migraine treatments to only one approach (Nevid & Rathus, p. 133). The importance of health psychology is, perhaps, more apparent in the case of coronary thrombosis thrombosis heart disease or CHD.This is because this leading cause of mortality in the US clearly lists several types of psychological factors as triggers diet patterns anger and hatred Type A behavior that markedly consists of hostility job strain chronic emotional strain and play out sudden stressors and an inactive lifestyle (Nevid & Rathus, p. 135-137). Health psychology science has established how consumption patterns such as overeat ing, heavy alcohol drinking, smoking, and high-cholesterol diet lead to coronary heart ailments.It is also worth noting that the science has also identified that a minimal amount of alcohol appears to be beneficial to the heart. The psychological perspective also makes the suggestion that a modest crosstie between coronary heart disease and Type A behavior exists, particularly among white, middle-aged-to-older men. Hostility and anger are closely linked with increased CHD danger and are even thought of to be a stronger predictor of CHD compared to genetics, obesity, or smoking (Nevid & Rathus, p. 35). With regards work-related psychological factor, the job-strain health psychology model helps understand how highly demanding jobs and jobs that gives workers humble control lead to increased risk of heart-related illnesses (Nevid & Rathus, p. 136). The multifactorial health psychology perspective has also led to the understanding of how sudden life stressors, chronic cloy/emotional strain and a physically inactive lifestyle figure in the development of heart disease and occurrence of heart attacks.The multifactorial model in health psychology is a leading paradigm that recognizes the multi-faceted nature of illnesses. It is not a clear-cut, simple case that a disease is caused by a singular factor. The fact is that decades if not over a century of modern research has led to the recognition that a host of factors, as well as their interactions, function in illness and health determination (Nevid & Rathus, p. 126). These varied factors that the multifactorial model indicates to be the range of possible influences or causes of diseases cover the psychological, ociocultural, environmental, and stressors. This broad range of factors, which include both those within and without ones control, determine an individuals health and his/her level of susceptibility to health problems (Nevid & Rathus, p. 127). Psychological or personality and behavior factors figure in qui te a large number of health problems. Such is seen in the large number of preventable deaths that occur yearly in the United States. For one, smoking leads to way over 400,000 annual deaths from cancer, diseases of the heart and lungs, and stroke.Some 300,000 year deaths stroke, heart disease, cancer, and diabetes can actually be prevented with good diet and proper exercise. Immunizations, moderation or control of alcohol drinking, and abstinence or safe sex practices could also help prevent deaths from infectious diseases, vehicular and other accidents/injuries, and sexually transmitted diseases, respectively (Nevid & Rathus, p. 128). It should be well noted that depression and other negative psychological states could actually render an impaired immune system functioning (Nevid & Rathus, p. 126).The reason for this is that, contrary to popular thinking, the mental and the physical are not entirely separate domains but, rather intertwined (Nevid & Rathus, p. 131). Biological factor s include age, gender, genetics, as well as injuries, exposure to pathogens and inoculations. Ones genetic make-up, while beyond an individuals capacity to be altered, tend to make certain people falsely assume that their health is doomed by, say, a family history of diabetes. Having a family history of a disease can make some people think fatalistically that nothing they do can improve their chances of overcoming or escaping a disease. Dr. Robert N.Hoover of the National Cancer Institute, however, says that many cases of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and others merely give rise to predispositions, not really certainties (Nevid & Rathus, p. 126). Environmental factors include pollution, water quality, hygiene from solid waster treatment and sanitation, natural disasters, and even global warming and depletion of the ozone layer. Personal stressors cover a wide range of situations such as daily hassles at home, co-workers, time pressure, and financial insecurity frustrations major l ife changes workplace situation and isolation or rejection by peers (Nevid & Rathus, p. 27). Thus, in the diagnosis of illnesses, the multifactorial model considers the possible roles played by psychological, biological, environmental/cultural factors, along with their interactions (Nevid & Rathus, p. 126). In the United States, the application of the psychological health model can be seen in studies that attempt to explain the phenomenon of black Americans seemingly suffering from health problems more compared to the European Americans.The ethnicity consideration has led to studies showing that African-Americans may indeed be genetically predisposed to hypertension but, at the same time, poor diet, stress and smoking contribute to the development of the disease. Such consideration has also led to findings that the tendency of Afro-Americans to have lower access level to quality health care help explain, for instance, why they are less prone to receive surgeries for hip and knee rep lacements (Nevid & Rathus, p. 128). Use of Psychology in Understanding Illnesses Diagnosing, understanding and managing headaches have been helped a lot with the use of psychology.The multifactorial model views headaches, migraine headaches in particular, as being triggered by multiple factors that include fluctuations in hormonal levels/balance, stress, barometric pressure changes, exposure to very bright lights, certain drug use, certain chemical ingestion, and certain foods, among others (Nevid & Rathus, p. 132). Said factors, of course, involve biological and environmental factors, but also psychological ones which are more the concern of health psychologyhow psychological factors interact with physical health problems, including in terms of triggering, preventing, or treating diseases (Nevid & Rathus, p. 18). Health psychology studies have shown that stress figures in migraine headaches. The causal mechanisms that underlie migraines have been described to be complex and not wel l understoodwith neurotransmitter serotonin imbalance and resulting blood flow changes in the brain appearing to be related somehow. The psychological perspective has identified stress and glaring lights exposure, among others, as possible triggers for migraine headaches. As well, this branch of psychology has indicated that behavioral coping responses may help people deal with headaches.While evidence collated in a study showing that women suffering from regular migraines tend to be more self-critical, likely to make a big thing of lifes stresses, and less likely to look for social support during periods of stress, is only correlation, the study does suggest that peoples behavior may inadvertently be leading them into a vicious cycle. Psychology shows that with recurrent headaches such as migraine, certain behaviors help trigger the illness as much as how the refusal to avail of social support may further aggravate emotional distress and pain from migraines (Nevid & Rathus, p. 32). With advances in health science in general, headaches today are better managed, with its triggers even being avoided. Psychology has helpe understand and cope with migraines also by way of advising people, women in particular, not to accept such an illness as normal and, instead, advise them to be more assertive with their doctors who limit migraine treatments to only one approach (Nevid & Rathus, p. 133). The importance of health psychology is, perhaps, more apparent in the case of coronary heart disease or CHD.This is because this leading cause of mortality in the US clearly lists several types of psychological factors as triggers diet patterns anger and hostility Type A behavior that markedly consists of hostility job strain chronic emotional strain and fatigue sudden stressors and an inactive lifestyle (Nevid & Rathus, p. 135-137). Health psychology science has established how consumption patterns such as overeating, heavy alcohol drinking, smoking, and high-cholesterol diet le ad to coronary heart ailments.It is also worth noting that the science has also identified that a minimal amount of alcohol appears to be beneficial to the heart. The psychological perspective also makes the suggestion that a modest association between coronary heart disease and Type A behavior exists, particularly among white, middle-aged-to-older men. Hostility and anger are closely linked with increased CHD risk and are even thought of to be a stronger predictor of CHD compared to genetics, obesity, or smoking (Nevid & Rathus, p. 135).With regards work-related psychological factor, the job-strain health psychology model helps understand how highly demanding jobs and jobs that gives workers little control lead to increased risk of heart-related illnesses (Nevid & Rathus, p. 136). The multifactorial health psychology perspective has also led to the understanding of how sudden life stressors, chronic fatigue/emotional strain and a physically inactive lifestyle figure in the developm ent of heart disease and occurrence of heart attacks. Reference Nevid, J. S. and Rathus, S. A. (2000). Psychology and the challenges of life. John Wiley & Sons.

Analysis of Arabian Nights

ARABIAN NIGHTS SYNOPSIS In Baghdad there was a grand Turk named Shahryar who had gone half-baked because he accidentally bulgeed his wife who was unfaithful to him for he had an affair with the Sultans brother, Schahzenan. He gone mad because he thought that e precise women wanted to kill him and for that he requests to bring a h arem girl to marry and be killed the next day. A clever woman named Scheherazade decide to marry the Sultan in order to prevent his madness. With the help of a storyteller she tells the him a story any night and stopping every dawn with a cliffhanger and refuse to continue until its night metre again.This prevents the Sultan to kill Scheherazade and the stories she was telling has lessons and entrust cure the madness of the Sultan. The stories she had told were Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, The Tale of the Poor Hunch screening, Aladdin and the Magic Lamp, The Sultan and the Beggar and The Three Princes. When Schahzenan heard about the Sultans madnes s and thought of it as his weakness, he took advantage of it. He formed an army to battle with him in getting the throne entirely he failed because Sultan Shahryar was cured by Scheherazade with her stories.The Sultan fell in love with her and because of the morals of her stories they defeated the army. At the end, Scheherazade was telling the whole story to her children. ANALYSIS 1. Give triplet traditional, ethnical and customary practices shown in the photo. Explain its signifi preemptce. A. The remarriage of the Sultan after the death of his wife or to pass the throne to a sibling. This can be considered a tradition because this practice has been done a massive time ago. Almost all royal families do this. This is an meaning(a) tradition because this speaks of loyalty and sincerity of the powerfulness or the sultan to his position.Marrying again shows that he is dedicated to his position that he does non let his emotions conquer him. That even he is grieving to the death o f his causality wife he doesnt mind it because what more important is his people and not his own self and own happiness. He is not willing to place up the throne because he knew it power affect his people and their daily lives. When the leader changes, adjustment of the people be dresss difficult. Many would not agree and many will be against it. A good leader knows this well that is why he gives good decisions. B. The performance of an exotic dance to celebrate a victory.This is a cultural practice for this shows the culture of a certain group. In the movie, in the part about Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Morgiana, the love of Ali Baba performed a dance in celebration of their victory. It is a victory for defeating the enemies. This is significant because this presents the true picture of a group. It shows what the group is, what do they do and how they make- cognise their culture. It is therefore important because this will be the way that they can be recognized and appreciate d. That they can show to all that they also possess a rich culture.In just a simple dance number, every movement, the music, the steps, the costume and the emotions duologue about something, it talks about a story which is about them and their tradition. C. The offering of a dowry in asking a princess for marriage. This is a very known practice ever since for in ancient stories every man who wants to marry should offer something special and costly to the woman and the family. This is also considered important because this shows respect and dominance to the future of the couple. This just represent that the family of the woman can be at ease that they can give their child to a trustworthy man.And this is also important because this gives a man the opportunity to present himself and prove to be a gentleman. 2. Give three to five representations of human character and how these human nature shown in the movie. A. Courageous Courage is the ability to face difficulty and this trait is possessed by Scheherazade. She was willing to risk her life just to save her fellow women from the mad Sultan. Even she was a little nervous of what she had decided, she face the challenge with great courage and bravery, letting her fate decide what will happen to her as long as she pursue her plan.B. Wise This trait is possessed by Aladdin when he snatched the lamp from Mustappa. He used his skills and took it as an opportunity to bring back the lamp to his owner, himself. Even pick-pocketing is a bad habit, he still used it in a useful and good reason. He did it because he knew, Mustappa has evil plans for it. C. Oppurtunistic This negative trait is possessed by Sultan Harun Al-Rashid when he endlessly plays a prank with the beggar, Amin. He took advantage of Amin because he thinks he is weak and that he could have fun using him.But at the end, because of his bad trait, he faced his consequence and that is to be killed by the psyche he belittled before. D. Loving This is presen ted by the three princes, they showed how much they love their make even at first, they always compete and quarrel. Even they always do this, their reason is always, they love their father and they will do anything for him. When they were requested to bring back a special thing to their father, they exerted effort and time just to have it. And also because of the love they have for their parent, the three of them learn to rule the kingdom with peace and harmony.E. Pessimistic Sultan Shahryar is pessimistic. This was shown when he was betrayed by his wife. Because of this experience, he blinded himself that all women are trying to kill him. He generalize that women has bad intentions against him. He did not try to see the brighter side of life, that what had happened to him has a purpose and reason, instead he let himself sink to his emotions and this had conquered his mind that is why he became mad. 3. Give three prevalent truths drawn from the movie and its application to persona l experience. A. No man is an island.Even if how strong a person is, how brave he is and how unbreakable he is, he might not admit it, but he still needs a shoulder and a hand for support. I am not this kind of person but I think this is one lesson that might get from the story. I observe this with others, who shows the world they do not need help but when problems come they hopelessly aiming for it. Nobody survives alone, everyone needs somebody because as I can see, you cannot talk, cry, laugh and tap yourself. Its much better to see someone who are happy when you are happy and wipes your tears when in pain.For short, its best when you have true friends. B. People who do bad things suffer the consequence of their activeness in the end. I always believe in this line because every action done has a corresponding consequence, may it be good or bad, it always depends on the former action. In my experience, what I did was, I didnt ask permission that Ill accompany my cousin at the park . We went there and contend in monkey bars. Unfortunately, I fell and broke my bone in the arm. And I really put this lesson in my mind. I also motto this in people who engaged in bad activities the likes of pick-pocketing.They might benefit in that act but the so called karma, it might not aim them, instead their loved ones suffer for them. C. Everything happens for a purpose. This lesson may be applied in every situation and in any kinds of problems. Whatever happens, there is always a reason, we may not see it easily but as time passes by, we tend to realize why it had happened. Many problems come and sometimes we fail, but we should be open minded and realize that bad things happen because it will be exchanged with much of happiness. BEST PART OF THE MOVIEFor me, the best part of the movie is when Scheherazade conducted her plan to save the women and to rescue the Sultan from madness. In the time that she told the Sultan stories in order for him to heal. I like this because i t showed girl-power. It showed that even a long time ago, women had also out win men. That in a simple act, she had changed a very big thing. In this part, it showed that women are wise and courageous. I am very pleased and as I see it, I cant resist feeling very proud of her and us, her fellow women. It showed that we can also be strong, that we can also stand and conquer something.It can be respect, power and appreciation of others. Its brings me to an inspiration that I can also be like her, to have the courage to face difficulties. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. When watching the movie, the viewer should listen and take notes of the lines being uttered by the characters. This is because, these lines give inspiring thought to its viewers and it can be applied to some situations in each lives. 2. When watching, try to see yourself in the situation or in the characters because there is reality in their every action. There is truth in what they are doing because it can happen in a person in cer tainty.

Scm in Petroleum Industry

International Journal of Global Logistics & cut Chain Management. Vol. 1, No. 2, 1 November 2006, 90 97. Supply Chain Management in the vegetable fossil oil Industry Ch eitherenges and Opportunities RAED HUSSAIN Department of Quantitative Methods & Information Systems, capital of capital of capital of Kuwait University, Kuwait TIRAVAT ASSAVAPOKEE Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, U. S. A. BASHEER KHUMAWALA Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Texas, U.S. A. Supply mountain run way in the vegetable oil colour exertion contains various challenges, specifically in the logistics atomic number 18a, that atomic number 18 non present in most other industries. These logistical challenges argon a major influence on the cost of oil and its derivatives. However, opportunities for cost savings in logistics still do exist. Giant oil and petrochemical companies argon undertaking a craft practice that saves compan ies one million millions of dollars.The objective of this paper is to shed some light on the submit concatenation challenges and opportunities in the rock oil effort and on flip-flop practices that experience enormous been employed by petroleum exertions giants around the world, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as BP, BASF, Honeywell, Nova, and much more, even have long been ignored in the operations forethought literature. Keywords Supply Chain Management, Logistics, Petroleum Industry, The Swap Practice 1.Introduction The steadily increasing global demand for oil and its derivatives such as petrochemicals has enabled companies providing these products to collapse more customers and increase their market share and profitability. This boom in global demand along with the ease of international trade and the inflexibility1 involved in the petroleum industrys translate cosmic string has made its management more complex and more challenging (Coia, 1999 Morton, 2003). Despite the importance of put out grasp management and its growing complexity, the petroleum industry is still in the development stage of efficiently managing their bestow chains.In fact, according to Steve Welsh, a managing director of the College of Petroleum and Energy Studies at the University of Oxford, the oil and petrochemical industrys insight into the impart chain is still in its infancy (Schwartz, 2000). However, even with the inflexibility and complexity involved in the industrys hang on chain, there is a lot of room for improvement and cost reduction, specifically in its logistics area. Werner Paratorius, prexy of BASFs petrochemicals division said Supply chain management is the backbone of a business where logistics be can be greater than manufacturing costs (Whitfield, 2004, p. R12).By the end of 2004, world-wide demand for oil guideed 75 million barrels per day and has been projected to increase at a rate of 2 part per year over the next ten historic period. For ex ample, Chinas demand for energy alone is expected to grow at a rate of 4. 5 percent per year for the next five years and reach four million barrels by 2010. However, due to recent political unrest in the Middle East, which is the largest oil producing region, sustainable oil ply has run highly unpredictable. Oil and petrochemicals companies are obligate to maintain higher synthetic gum elastic stocks and search for alternative sources of supplies (Ikram, 2004).Inflexibility in the render chain is the constraints involved along the chain, such as long lead-times, manufacturing capacity, and limited means of transferee, that are hard to change. 1 Commodities such as oil, burn out, and petrochemicals require specific modes of transportation such as pipelines, vessels or tankers, and railroads. These commodities are produced in specific and limited regions of the world, yet they are demanded all over the globe since they represent an essential source of energy and raw actual fo r a large number of other industries.Several weeks lead-time from the shipping point to the utmost customers location is genuinely viridity in this type of industry. For example, it takes five weeks for the Persian disconnections oil to make its way to the United States and up to another three weeks for it to be carry outed and delivered (Schwartz, 2000). Opening new turnout sites or dispersion centers closer to dispersed customers is one way to reduce the lead time and transportation costs. However, the encyclopedism of such facilities in the oil and petrochemical industries, if feasible, is typically very pricy and often results in higher inventory and operating costs (Hebert, 2004).Red Cavaney, president of the the Statesn Petroleum Institute, said Most companies are unlikely to undertake the pro launch investment needed to even begin the process (Hebert, 2004) These factors are pushing oil and petrochemicals companies to either absorb the increase in costs or draw and quarter the costs on to customers who are already facing increasing prices. Companies therefore have recognized that improved supply chain efficiencies represent a extensive area for cost savings, specifically in the logistics area they are estimated to be an average between 10 and 20 percent of revenues (Hamilton, 2003).Also, companies believe that the supply chain in which they participate as customers and suppliers is what creates competition rather than individual companies (Whitfield, 2004 Lange, 2004 Morton, 2003 Bianchi, 2003 Collins, 1999 Coia, 1999). Despite the importance of the petroleum industry in our daily life and the operational challenges it involves, regrettably the topic has received very little attention in operations and supply chain management literature. The objective of this paper, therefore, is to shed some light on challenges and opportunities in the petroleum industrys supply chain management.Our discussion lead focus on a practice that has been saving c ompanies millions of dollars but has long escaped the attention it deserves from academia. The practice is referred to as outlineatic accommodating reciprocal barter ( overly called swaps) (Haberman, 2002). 2. Supply Chain Management in the Petroleum Industry onward getting into any further discussion of supply chain management in the petroleum industry, it is important to depression clarify the industry background and its doing process. A brief explanation is available in the appendix. The supply chain of the petroleum industry is extremely complex compared to other industries.It is divided into two contrary, yet closely related, major segments the upstream and downstream supply chains. The upstream supply chain involves the acquisition of crude oil, which is the specialty of the oil companies. The upstream process includes the exploration, forecasting, production, and logistics management of delivering crude oil from remotely located oil wells to refineries. The downstream s upply chain starts at the refinery, where the crude oil is manufactured into the consumable products that are the specialty of refineries and petrochemical companies.The downstream supply chain involves the process of forecasting, production, and the logistics management of delivering the crude oil derivatives to customers around the globe. Challenges and opportunities exist now in both the upstream and downstream supply chains. 3. Challenges in the Supply Chain 3. 1. Logistical Challenges The logistics network in the petroleum industry is highly inflexible, which arises from the production capabilities of crude oil suppliers, long transportation lead times, and the limitations of modes of transportation.Every point in the network, therefore, represents a major challenge (Jenkins and Wright. 1998). The oil and petrochemical industries are global in nature. As a result, these commodities and products are transferred between locations that arein many casescontinents apart. The long di stance between supply chain partners and slow modes of transportation induce not only high transportation costs and in-transit inventory, but also high inventory carrying costs in terms of safety stocks at the final customer location.The great distances between supply chain partners present a high variability of transportation times that can hurt suppliers in terms of service levels and final customers in terms of safety stock costs. Moreover, the transportation process is carried out either by ships, trucks, pipelines, or railroads. In many instances, a shipment has to exploit multiple transportation modes forrader reaching the final customers location. Very few industries 91 deal with that kind of complexity in shipping, said Doug Houseman, a senior animal trainer at the consulting firm Accenture (Morton, 2003, p. 1). Such constraints on transportation modes in this type of industry induce long lead times from the shipping point to the final customers location compared to other industries. Hence, considering the amount of inflexibility involved, meeting the broadening prospect of oil demand and its derivates while maintaining high service-levels and efficiency is a major challenge in the petroleum industry. 3. 2. Other Challenges The logistics function is only one of many areas that affect supply chain performance in the petroleum industry.Integrated process management, randomness systems and selective information sharing, organizational restructuring, and cultural reorientation are as equally important (Ikram, 2004). The need for integrated processes all the way from procurement of raw materials to the slant of the final product is crucial for a companys success. Manufacturing efficiency alone does not ensure a competitive advantage anymore, said Paratorius, president of BASFs petrochemicals division (Whitfield, 2004, p. R12). The industry lags behind in using integrated planning across the supply chain.This type of disintegration in the supply chain c an increase the cost of acquiring crude oil, which go away eventually affect gas prices for consumers (Coia, 1999). Also, due to the globalization of the petroleum industry supply chain, advanced information technology is essential for smooth information flow considering the complexity of the logistics network in such an industry. Companies relationships in supply chain networks are right off related to the effective use of information technology (Guimaraes, Cook, and Natarajan, 2002).A data flow diagram (DFD) was developed by Hull in 2001 to improve supply chain information flow reliability of the Alaskan North Slope Oil supply chain. The study showed that using the DFD helped to realize the importance of the relationship between scheduling and dispatching (synchronization). By using the DFD to examine the information flow, boilersuit supply chain efficiency was improved and distortion,2 which is greatly related to supply chain structure, was greatly reduced.Moreover, the generi c wine DFD developed offers a template for modeling any supply chain or logistics activity, whether it is a push, pull, or a hybrid push/pull system (Hull, 2001). Sophisticated information technology is also essential for petroleum industries due to security needs. Petroleum companies ship a great deal of hazardous products, and supply chain partners (suppliers and customers) must be aware of the locations of each shipment at any point in time. According to Houseman at Accenture, chemical companies are considering wireless technology to track their shipments (Morton, 2003).Another challenge in the petroleum industry supply chain is the attitude and anxiety regarding collaboration and information sharing between supply chain partners. While collaboration and information sharing represent a crucial factor for supply chain efficiency, companies in the petroleum industry are sometimes cautious when it comes to sharing their demand/costs information, said Salah Al-Kharraz, a supply chain director at Equate Petrochemicals (Personal Communication, 23 December 2004). This type of parsimony regarding collaboration and sharing demand/costs information can waste opportunities for costs saving.Improved supply chain efficiency in the petroleum industry, therefore, needs a new philosophy in collaboration, even if this means working with competitors. Collaboration, information sharing, and asset optimization require the greatest headway change because chemical producers and LSPs would have to work with their competitors, as well as with other operators in the supply chain, said Phil Browitt, CEO of AGILITY, a logistics firm (Young, 2005, p. 10). The acquisition of sophisticated information technology, although necessary, can only do so much if it is not supported by a cultural change.The next section give discuss an opportunity, specifically a practice that has been saving companies millions of dollars in the petroleum industrys supply chain, yet has not received the atten tion it deserves in academia. 4. Opportunities in the Supply Chain and Swap Practices In an effort to manage their supply chain and reduce costs, oil and petrochemical companies are outsourcing3 their logistics4 functions. As the trend in outsourcing has grown, these companies have reverse increasinglyDistortion in Hulls paper is the bullwhip effect established by the well-known beer game developed by Sterman (1989) and Senge (1990). 3 Outsourcing takes tell when an organization transfers the ownership of a business process to a supplier. 92 2 reliant on the services of third-party5 logistics companies for managing their supply chains (Collins, 1999). Companies in the petroleum industry, however, took the outsourcing idea one step further and found that one way of outsourcing their logistics functions is to ally and collaborate with competitors.This form of collaboration is referred to as a systematic cooperative reciprocal barter (also called swaps or convinces) of supplies, ass ets, market share, or even the entire business among competitors (ODwyer, 1988 Robert, 1995 Gain, 1997 Alperowicz, 2001 Sim, 2002). However, despite the significant advantages this practice has generated for companies, a defined model for reservation such decisions does not exist. The subject has barely received any attention in the operations management literature.Currently, no specific method has been adopted to patch up when companies should attempt to make swap decisions. An interview with supply chain directors in two international petrochemical companies that have been involved in swapping with their competitors for the past few years revealed that the only methods used are judgmental6 methods and spreadsheets. Although judgmental approaches may improve accuracy in many decision-making problems, they should not be the only methods employed. The use of only such approaches cannot guarantee an optimal solution. 4. 1.The Swap Practice In a commodity-type industry such as oil an d petrochemicals, the source of the commodity is often of no saki to the final customer as long as the commodity adheres to its required specifications and the delivery of that commodity is made by the promised due date. Therefore, competing oil and petrochemical companies form supply chain alliances when delivering commodities to customers in order to reduce transportation and inventory costs and improve customer service. In return, cost savings for transportation in the overall supply chain are shared among participating companies.This form of collaboration is referred to as shipment swapping. This kind of collaboration with competitors creates a shared solution to common supply chain obstacles and is predicted to be the Next Big Thing (Morton, 2003). The swapping technique is currently applied by oil and petrochemical companies around the world in all of its different forms asset swapping, business swapping, and shipment swapping. However, because of the absence of any general a nalytical discussion of swap practices in the literature, we first provide examples from the oil and petrochemicals industry for each form of swap practice being used.This is done to illustrate the advantages of collaboration among competitors. Due to brevity, only the more recent examples of such practices are discussed here. 4. 2. summation Swapping In 2001, BP became the largest olefins producer in Germany after an asset swap with E. ON, a German utility company. Following the deal, BP took over Veba Oel, E. ONs oil, refining, and petrochemicals business, and E. ON bought BPs 25 percent stake in Ruhrgas, Germanys largest gas distributor. The deal gave BP 2. 1 million tons of ethylene7 capacity in Germany, which is about 40 percent of the countrys total, and ave E. ON control of one of the largest gas distribution networks in Germany (Milmo, 2001). In 2003, BASF, a leading German chemical company, and Honeywell signed a long-term deal under which BASF will supply Honeywell with n ylon chips and Honeywell will supply BASF with specialty nylon and nylon co-polymers8. Since Honeywell has a strong presence in electrical and tooling applications and BASF is strong in the automotive sector, the deal has benefited both companies in their business specialties. For example, in 2003 the deal raised BASFs market share in nylon from 9 percent to 35 percent and gaveLogistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of raw material, in-process inventory, finished goods, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption to correct to customer requirements (Council of Logistics Management, 1998, p. 2). 5 Third-party logistics is the use of an outside company to perform all or part of the firms materials management and product distribution function. 6 A judgmental method is the use of peoples opinions when making decisions. 7 Ethylene is a colorless gas at room temperature.At very low tempera tures, it is a liquid. It is used as a refrigerant and in welding and cutting metals. It is also used to manufacture ethylene oxide, mustard gas, and other organics and to accelerate the ripening of fruits. 8 When a polymer chain-like molecule is made by linking only one type of small molecule together, it is called a homopolymer. When two different types of molecules are joined in the same polymer chain, it is called a co-polymer. 93 4 Honeywell the chance to concentrate on carpet, apparel, and fabrics for automotive upholstery. Honeywell plans to eventually sell the nylon business (Sim, 2003).More recently, the Kuwait Petroleum Company (KPC) and the Iraqi Oil Institute (SOMO) signed a comprehensive memorandum of understanding related to exchanges of shipments of Kuwaiti benzene and diesel with Iraqi natural gas. The swap will be implemented in two phases. Thirty-five million cubic feet of Iraqi natural gas will be supplied daily to Kuwait for about one year at an estimated cost of U. S. $24 million during the first phase. Then, 165 million cubic feet of natural gas will be supplied daily to Kuwait for about two years at an estimated cost of U. S. 700 million dollars during the second phase. Meanwhile, Kuwait will supply Iraq with oil derivatives, benzene, and diesel, ranging from two to three million liters of benzene and 1. 3 to 1. 5 million liters of diesel daily (Alshalan, 2004). The outcome of this agreement is expected to significantly benefit both countries. Kuwait produces a relatively modest volume of natural gas (around 293 billion cubic feetBcfin 2002), the vast majority of which is associated gas. 9 Prior to the 1990-1991 disjuncture War, Kuwait received significant volumes of natural gas from Iraq.The gas came from Iraqs southern Rumaila field through a 40-inch, 100-mile, 300 Mmcf/d pipeline to Kuwaits central manifold at Ahmadi. The gas was used for the production of petrochemicals, electricity, and water through desalination processes. With su ch uses of natural gas, the Kuwaiti-Iraqi swapping deal could free up a substantial amount of oil to Kuwait, possibly 100,000 barrels per day ( barrel/d) for export by 2006, which is presently used for similar purposes. For example, 65,000 bbl/d of supply oil is currently used to generate electric office staff in Kuwait.Throughout most of the 1990s, Iraq generally did not have access to the latest state-of-the-art oil industry technology. Saybolt International reported that Iraq oil companies, NOC and SOC, were able to increase their oil production through the use of short-term techniques not generally considered acceptable in the oil industry (i. e. , water flooding, the injection of refined oil products into crude reservoirs). In addition, a U. N. report in June 2001 stated that Iraqi oil production capacity would fall sharply unless technical and infrastructure problems were addressed.Moreover, Iraqs southern oil industry was decimated in the 1990-1991 Gulf War, with production capacity falling to 75,000 bbl/d in mid-1991. The Gulf War resulted in the destruction of (a) gathering centers and compression/degassing stations at Rumaila (b) storage facilities, including the 1. 6 million bbl/d (nameplate capacity) Mina al-Bakr/Basra export terminal and (c) pumping stations along the 1. 4 million bbl/d (pre-war capacity) Iraqi Strategic (North-South) Pipeline. Seven other sizable palm remain damaged or partially mothballed.These include Zubair, Luhais, Suba, Buzurgan, Abu Ghirab, and Fauqi. Generally speaking, oil field development plans were put on hold following Iraqs infringement of Kuwait, with Iraqi efforts focused on maintaining production at existing fields. At the present time, problems with Iraqs refineriesstemming largely from post-war looting and sabotage in addition to power outagescontinue to force the country to import natural gas, diesel, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), and other refined products from neighboring countries (Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, S yria, and Turkey).As of October 2004, Oil Minister Ghadban said that Iraqi gasoline imports were running around 40,000 bbl/d ( in the first place by truck), costing the country U. S. $60 million per month in direct costs. This does not include the special cost of steep government subsidies on the consumer price of gasoline, which runs around 10 cents per gallon. It is estimated that overall direct and indirect oil subsidies cost Iraq U. S. $8 billion per year, with no indication as to when this problem might be resolved (Country compendium Brief, March 2004).As a result, both countries are expected to benefit from the swapping agreement Iraq will secure current and future needs of oil, benzene, and diesel and Kuwait will use the natural gas for the production of petrochemicals, electricity, and water while freeing up a substantial amount of oil for exportation. 4. 3. Swapping Businesses In 1997, PPG Industries, a specialty chemical company, exchanged its surfactants10 business for BASFs packaging coatings business. This swap resulted in the yield of PPGs portfolio and led to the expansion of geographic opportunities for the coating business.Moreover, this swap enabled PPG to become one of the worlds largest suppliers of package coating for food, aerosols, and other container and packaging applications. On the other hand, this business swap made it possible for BASF to expand its surfactants offerings for the food, personal care, and coatings industries (Gain, 1997). 9 10 Associated gas is found and produced in conjunction with oil. Surfactants are also known as wetting agents and may be liquids or powders. Surfactants are used in aqueous cleaners to provide detergency, emulsification, and wetting action. 4 Similarly, BP swapped its polythene glycol11 (PEG) ether brake fluid business for the butyl glycol ether12 (BGE) solvents operation belonging to Clariant, a Swiss specialty chemical company. However, this swapping deal was restricted only to the exchange of customer lists and contracts. No manufacturing units, staff, or cash transfer between the two companies took place. Clariant discontinued production of BGE at Gendorf, Germany, and BP discontinued manufacturing brake fluids at Lavera.The deal broadened the range of products that Clariant supplied to the automotive industry and enabled BP to better utilize the Lavera BGE plant (Alperowicz, 2001). 4. 4. Swapping Shipments During 2000, a swapping arrangement of liquid natural gas took place among Spain, Algeria, and Trinidad. Spains Gas Natural became the first European LNG buyer to resell LNG to the U. S. market. This gas had been sold to Gas Natural by Atlantic LNG of Trinidad. At the same time, Algerian LNG dedicated to the United States was delivered to Spain, trim back shipping charges for all parties.In 2001, these swaps developed into a more permanent arrangement with the signing of a contract between Sonatrach of Algeria, Gas Natural of Spain, Tractebel LNG North America in the United States, and Distrigas of Belgium. Companies with interests on both sides of the Atlantic gained an advantage over others, enabling them to react faster to any market opportunity (Gandolphe, 2002). Moreover, Nova Chemicals, a Canadian chemical company, and BASF entered a swap deal for styrene13 in which Nova supplied BASF in North America and BASF supplied Nova in Europe.This agreement provided each company with a stable supply of styrene without committing either one to significant investments. The deal also gave each company a low-cost styrene position for their PS (Sim, 2002). Another swap example is between world-class Indian polymer manufacturers Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd. (HPL) and GAIL Ltd. , Indias principal gas transmission and marketing company. The two companies entered into a product swapping and sharing arrangement that forced other polymer sellers in eastern and northern India to retreat from the market.Under this swapping agreement, both companies gained su bstantial savings on freight costs. Gail supplied HPLs customers in northern India from its plant in Uttar Pradesh, and HPL served Gails customers in eastern and southeastern Asia by supplying them from the Haldia plant (Saha, 2003). 5. Conclusion More efficient and cost effective supply chain practices in the petroleum industry represent important factors for maintaining continuous supplies of crude oil, the reduction of lead times, and lowering of production and distribution costs.Due to the inflexibility involved in the petroleum industrys supply chain network, logistics represent a great challenge. However, it is only one of several challenging factors. Integrated process management, information systems and information sharing, organizational restructuring, and cultural reorientation are equally important. Despite the great challenges in the petroleum industrys supply chain, opportunities for improvements and cost savings do exist along the supply chain. One major area for impro vement and cost savings lies in the logistics function.Companies in the petroleum industry have become increasingly reliant on the services of third-party logistics companies to manage their supply chains. Companies in the petroleum industry took the outsourcing idea a step further to collaborate with competitors and found shared solutions to their supply chain challenges. This form of collaboration is referred to as a systematic cooperative reciprocal barter, or swaps. Collaboration among competing companies in the form of swaps is a practice that can offer companies huge savings and introduce new opportunities.However, despite its wide use and benefits, especially in the oil and petrochemical industries, the subject has not received the attention it deserves in the operations management literature. Currently, judgmental methods and the aid of spreadsheets are the only approaches utilized when attempting swap decisions. Although great savings are accomplished by companies using sw ap practices, the 11 Polyethylene glycol is a non-toxic chemical used in a variety of products such as peel creams, toothpaste, shampoos, etc. 12 Butyl glycol ether is a widely-used solvent for many applications. 3 Styrene is a chemical molecule used in polystyrene manufacturing, the rubber industry, and the reinforced plastic industry. 95 approaches used for making such decisions cannot guarantee an optimal solution, and hence, opportunities to utilize the full capability of swap practices are not amply exploited. Therefore, the next step would be the utilization of management science techniques, presumably mathematical/simulations models. These methods will significantly enhance the capability of such forms of collaboration and will represent valuable tools for practitioners to use. . Appendix Production Process and Industry Background Crude oil and natural gas are the raw materials of the petroleum industry. They are used for the production of petrochemicals and other oil deriv atives. After the production of crude oil is complete from oil reserves located deep underground or in sea beds, the crude oil undergoes a distillation14 process. As a result of the distillation process, various fractions of the crude oil are produced, such as fuel gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, and naphtha. 5 The output of the distillation process is then provided to refineries as feedstocks. These feedstocks are first processed through cracking16 operations before they are supplied to petrochemical plants. Once the cracking process is complete, companies are able to obtain new products that serve as the building blocks of the petrochemical industry, such as olefins (i. e. , mainly ethylene, propylene, and the so-called Carbon (C) derivatives, including butadiene) and aromatics, which include benzene, toluene, and the xylenes.After the cracking process, petrochemical products such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, and the xylenes are then used at p etrochemical plants to produce even more specialized products, such as plastics, soaps and detergents, healthcare products (such as aspirin), synthetic fibers for clothes and furniture, rubbers, paints, and insulating materials. References Alperowicz, N. (2001, August 29 family linetember 5). BP swap business with Clariant. Chemical Week, 163, 33. Alshalan, M. (2004, December 15). Iraqi gas to Kuwait and Kuwaiti benzene to Iraq. Alwatan, 10368/4814 Year 43.Bianchi, M. (2003). Getting to the route. ACN Asian Chemical News, September, 19. BP, Conoco swap Gulf of Mexico, Alaskan assets. (1993, November 15). Oil & Gas Journal, 91, 46. Coia, A. (1999, July 12). Integrating oils supply chain. Traffic World, 259, 2. Collins, T. (1999, September 9). Striking it big together. Supply Management, 4, 18. Gain, B. (1997, August 27 September 3). PPG, BASF swap businesses. Chemical Week, 159, 33. Gandolphe, S. (2002). Flexibility in natural gas supply and demand. International Energy Agency. G uimaraes, T. , Cook, D. , & Natarajan, N. (2002).Exploring the importance of business clockspeed as a moderator for determinants of supplier network performance. Decision Sciences. 33, 4, Fall, 629. Haberman, D. I. , (2002, April 19). Petroleum swapping between oil giants exchanges An elephant in our living room, record submitted to the Federal Trade Commission Second Conference re Factors that Affect Price of Refined Petroleum Products. Hamilton, S. (2003, August). Must chemical companies outsource logistics to save coin? GL&SCS. Hebert, H. (2004, July 28th). Oil industry not building new plants. Arizona Daily Star. Tucson, Arizona. http//www. azstarnet. om/dailystar/starmedia/31783 Hull, B. (2001). A structure for supply-chain information flows and its application to the Alaskan crude oil supply chain. Logistics Information Management, 15, 1/2, 8. Ikram, A. (2004, November). Supply chain management in the oil and gas sector. Supply Chain Update, University of Wisconsin-Madison S chool of Business. Iraq Country Analysis Brief. (2004, March). Country Analysis Briefs, pp. 1-18. www. usiraqprocon. org/pdf/ eiacountryanalysis. pdf Japan marketers to Swap supplies. (1998, July 6). Oil & Gas Journal, 96, 27. Jenkins, G. , & Wright, D. (1998). Managing inflexible supply chains.International Journal of Logistics Management, 9, 2, 83. Lange, C. (2004, November). Extreme makeover Supply chain edition. Chemical Market Report, 266, 16, 21. 14 15 distillate is the separation of heavy crude oil into lighter groups (called fractions) of hydrocarbons. Naphtha is used in the production of gasoline and is the primary source from which petrochemicals are derived. 16 Cracking is the process of breaking down heavy oil molecules into lighter, more valuable fractions. 96 Milmo, S. (2001, July 23). BP bags Veba Oel following asset swap with E. ON. Chemical Market Reporter, 260, 4. Morton, R. (2003, October).Good chemistry in the supply chain. Logistics Today, 44, 10, 30. ODwyer, G. (1988, March 30). DSM, Kermira will swap plants. Chemical Week, 142, 13. Robert, B. (1995, July). A new dimension to shipping. Distribution, 94, 7. Robert, M. (1995, March 29). Hoechest, BP chemicals in PE swap. Chemical Week. Saha, S. (2003, November). Haldias Comeback. rediff. com. http//www. rediff. com/money/2003/nov/ 15haldia. htm. Schwartz, B. (2000, August). The crude supply chain. Transportation & Distribution, 41, 8. Senge. (1990). The Fifth Discipline, the Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Doubleday, New York, NY, Chapter 3.Sim, P. H. (2003, May 7). BASF Honeywell complete nylon swap. Chemical Week, 165, 17. Sim, P. H. (2002, August 14). Nova-BASF Styrene Swap makes sense. Chemical Week, 164, 32. Sterman, J. D. (1989). Modeling managerial behavior Misconceptions of feedback in dynamic decision making experiment, Management Sciences, 355. 3, 321 39. Westervelt. R. (2002). Seeking greater supply chain efficiency through Whitfield, M. (2004, Sep 20 Sep 26). A stronger link. European Chemical News, 81, 2116, R12. Young, I. (2005). Industry eyes big savings from supply chain collaboration. Chemical Week. Nov 2, 167, 36, 10. 97

Chevy vs. Ford Essay

We have entirely heard the argument concerning vehicles and their brands, whether you are a Chevy, intersection, or evening Dodge caramel it really doesnt matter. We all seem to stick to one side and if nothing else is ever said about either company, they twain have genuinely loyal customers and precise similar beginnings. Not to mention that if it were not for the difference maybe more people would be volitioning to admit just how same these two brands really are.Louis-Joseph Chevrolet was born Christmas Day in 1878, in a small village in Switzerland. During his childhood he spent his time in the villages of Bonfol and Beurnevsin, which were close to the French border. Around 1887, Louis learned to repair and later race bi wheel arounds.Louis had gained a hunger in the knowledge for the repair of bicycles while working at a mechanics shop which fixed not just bicycles but carriages as nearly. There is where he would learn the basics of gears and mechanicals. He would in a ddition shutting up building and selling his own bicycle called the Frontenac. This name would be later used for his race cars. Louis became known for racing manufactured bicycles and was given a job in the mechanical shops of Mors and Darracq Company. Darracq strengthened the well-known Gladiator bicycles, Louis was introduced to the Darracq internal combustion engine and this would consume his interest and where he would began studying the 4 cycle engine.Louis Chevrolet founded the brand in 1911 in Detroit Michigan, along with W.C. Durant. They both earned a reputation for developing cars with executing, durability, and value. Those characteristics are still a core part in the business today which is the fourth largest automotive brand. Chevy has made performance affordable. With its four and six cylinder engines they have become known for their safe performance and their durability.In the 1955 Chevy introduced a small-block V-8 which opened a new era in attainable high perfo rmance that would result in powering millions of cars and trucks for the next 50 years. With the traits of the small block Chevyhas helped establish their company as a force in almost all forms of motorsports.This legacy has been passed on to new generations, and it is very evident that they have lenifyed true to the original beliefs which are still noticeable with todays Camaro SS and the Corvette.The Ford Motor Company has a similar then(prenominal) with the exception of their founder, atomic number 1 Ford. Henry was also a racecar driver in fact he not only drove racecars but also built them as well to demonstrate that his designs produced a reliable vehicle. Ford finally came to be in 1903, after two failure attempts before.In this case Henry Ford was on as vice president and chief engineer where he could realize his own dreams which was to produce an automobile that was reasonable priced and efficient. This came about with the penetration of the Model T in 1908.In 1913 Henr y Ford was the first to introduce the continual moving assembly line, by have all the employees stay in one place and having their parts sent to them on conveyor belts with that, he single handedly revolutionized the automobile industry in 1913.By 1918 50% of all cars in the United States were Model Ts. With the growing economy the demand for the Model Ts were in such high demand that they had to open a larger mill in Highland Park, Michigan. Although he was a very clever businessman, Henry Ford was at time a complex and contradictory personality with strong held opinions and a very wide range of interest.Both founders were very dedicated and strong willed unfortunately with Chevrolet, he sold his shares to the Chevy companies cofounder, W. C. Durant. Henry Ford was a part of his company until his death in 1947. Both companies are still going strong today and are still a force in the automotive industry. Both are producing efficient and affordable vehicles and it really does come d own to the individuals choice as to whom you fallin with.For the diehard racers Chevy offers the Camaro where Ford has the Mustang, both are beautifully made vehicles and are very similar not just in appearance but also in performance. Both offer the standard package that comes with any car, they both have similar gas mileage, engine size, and optional features. Both have even started producing more energy efficient type cars as well as electric and even hybrid vehicles.With both companies track record I am sure both will have their ups and downs but that doesnt make one better than the other, in fact, it appears that both companies are dependable, affordable, and dedicated to their customers. However at that place is one difference that sticks out more than any other, Fords seems to have the edge on pricing and making sure their vehicles are affordable to any income bracket. sequence Chevy can be on the expensive side depending on make and model you are looking into to purchase. Both companies continually produce well built vehicles, their customer base is evident of that. Its understandable for people to have their preferences but what does it really come down to? It comes down to which one offers everything all(prenominal) individual wants in a certain type of vehicle.You can see the similarities in almost every model each company has. Chevy has the Silverado Ford has the F series in the truck models. Chevy has the Camaro and Corvette to where Ford has the Mustang, and both companies produce minivans as well as sedans.The argument between the two companies will continue to go on for years to come, but is there really any argument about the two companies other than if it werent for the difference in name there wouldnt be an argument since both are still producing efficient and affordable vehicles along with exploring other options concerning energy sources, because of those decisions they are both still moving strong in todays economy and both are still a force to be reckoned with in the automotive industry and will be for many years to come.

How Did 9/11 Bring People Together

How did the 9/11 bring people together? Or Did the 9/11 bring people together? The 9/11 was a very significant event and brought many people together in many different ways. In circumstances of extreme stress we reckon moving accounts of people going out of their way to help each other. Studies show that acute stress can lead to greater cooperative, social and friendly behaviour, even in men. This more positive reaction can help the kind-hearted connections that occurred during the time of crisis associated with the 9/11.Social connections are particularly important under stress because stress naturally leads so a sense of vulnerability and loss of control, this is an mannequin of why the people of not only if America, but the world came together through this tormenting time to support one another. The September 11 attacks were a series of tetrad coordinated terrorist attacks launched upon the United States in New York and Washington D. C area by an Moslem terrorist group, al -Qaeda. On the morning of September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four passenger jets.American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the North and South towers of the World Trade Centre as suicide attacks. Both towers collapsed and rubble led to the partial collapse of all other buildings in the New York World Trade Centre. The third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon, which was the headquarters of the United States section of Defence. The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was targeted at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. , but crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after its passengers fought back against the al-Qaeda terrorists. to the highest degree 3000 people died in the 9/11 attacks. An example of the 9/11 bringing people together is the cooperation of different unearthly groups. Churches that typically held services only on Sundays opened their doors on the Tuesday of the atta cks and held them open for some following days and for a short time attendance in churches and other houses of worship skyrocketed.Members of religious groups met together and tried to understand each others beliefs to help one another. A decade later, a group of religious leaders representing the Christian, Islamic and Jewish faiths met to plan a special interfaith service for the 10th anniversary of the 9/11. The service included prayers, music, Scripture and short messages from participants. The organisers went to great lengths to stay fresh religious diversity and to make sure readings and prayers are as universal as possible.Deidre Gordon, a member of the Islamic centre reinforced the idea of the 9/11 bringing people together. Its a chance to recognize beneath all this diversity, we have a lot we share. We hear often hear moving stories of strangers coming together to help save each other from the burning buildings, one of which I came across was this Today, after a 72 minut e of arc shift at the fire station, a woman ran up to me at the grocery store and gave me a hug. When I tensed up, she realized I didnt recognise her.She let go with tears of joy in her eyes and said, On 9-11-2001, you carried me out of the World Trade Centre. As you can see the 9/11 did bring people together, 12 years ago, President George W. Bush proclaimed, America is united. The production of American flags surged and the flags soared, and America really was united. America mourned together, raged together and contumacious together. They reached out to others in a way most didnt do previously.

Death Penalty Paper Essay

The death penalty is nighthing that many people do not absorb a clear decision on. umpteen people support the death penalty, while others wish for the death penalty to be abolished, yet there are some that support the death penalty, that only in certain cases. My personal opinion is that a person commits murder and is sentenced to death there should be no waiting. I believe 24 hours from the age the person is sentenced to death, the state should follow through with their punishment and execute. There are people in the humanness that support the death penalty and much say that the death penalty is a deterrent for future outlaws who are ringing and plotting out their heinous execrations or murder as we sit in our living rooms right now.Capital Punishment does not act as a deterrent force. Crime rates do not slump in states where capital punishment is used. This statement can be neither proven nor disproven. How do you measure the amount of people who have been deterred from crime? Do you take a poll? Is there a survey conducted where people voluntarily admit they would have murdered had they known they would not be punish if they were caught? No. You cant prove that it deters crime. So, til now if it does, there is not enough turn up to support this theory.Do you agree with this statement? For me, when I consider of a criminal they are not thinking of consequences of their actions, they are not thinking of whom they are going to hurt, they are only thinking of getting what they want. They think in the Now, they simply just do not care. If they had any sort of emotion or remorse before the crime is committed indeed our prisons wouldnt be so over populated as they are today. amnesty International, which opposes the death penalty, reports that scientific studies have not produced any conclusive evidence showing that capital punishment, is a deterrent for future crimes to be committed. I believe the only deterrent for a murderer not to commit a horri fic crime again would be execution.Executing a dangerous criminal ensures that he will not kill again. There have been some(prenominal) notable cases where men were paroled, or escaped from prison after being convicted of murder and killed again. The death penalty protects our community by eradicating a harmful criminal from society. A few good examples are Randy Greenwalt, Arthur Shawcrossm, Kenneth McDuff, andDaniel Camargo Barbosa. Various people who are opposed to the death penalty say that Capital Punishment condemns the naive to die. According Amendment V in the United States Bill of Rights, No person shall be held to answer for a capital crime, or otherwise infamous crime unless on a presentment of an indictment of grand jury.While it is true that a few innocent people have slipped through the cracks of the justness system and been convicted and punish unfairly, it is extremely rare. Usually, attorneys find new evidence to support a criminals innocence by the time all app eals have been exhausted. Perhaps the most important factor in determining whether a defendant will receive the death penalty is the grapheme of the representation he or she is provided. Almost all defendants in capital cases cannot afford their own attorneys. In many cases, the appointed attorneys are overworked, underpaid, or absentminded the trial experience required for death penalty cases. There have even been instances in which lawyers appointed to a death penalty case were so inexperienced that they were completely unprepared for the sentencing phase of the trial. Other appointed attorneys have slept through parts of the trial, or arrived at the court under the influence of alcohol. FACTS somewhat ATTORNEYS AND THE DEATH PENALTYAlmost all defendants who face capital charges cannot afford an attorney and rely on the state to appoint angiotensin converting enzyme for them. However, often clock appointed attorneys are overworked, underpaid, lack critical resources, and are either incompetent or inexperienced. As a result when death sentences are set past by the federal courts, it is often because among other reasons the trial attorney was so incompetent that the accuseds constitutional right to effective counsel was violated.Slipski 4In 2009, the U.N. Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions conducted an official visit to the United States to examine the administration of the death penalty in aluminium and Texas. Alabama has the highest per capita rate of executions in the United States, while Texas has the largest total number of executions and one of the largest death rowpopulations after California and Florida. The Special Rapporteur expressed irritation approximately deficiencies in the administration of the death penalty in Alabama and Texas, including the lack of adequate counsel for indigent defendants. He called for the two states to establish well-funded, state-wide open defender services and recommended that oversight of these should be independent of the executive and judicial branches.The state of Alabama has no statewide public defender system even though its death row occupants are overwhelmingly poor with 95% indigent. An examination of 461 capital cases by The Dallas Morning News found that nearly one in four condemned inmates has been represented at trial or on appeal by court-appointed attorneys who have been disciplined for professional misconduct at some point in their careers. An investigation by the Texas Defender Service found that, Death row inmates today face a one-in-three chance of being executed without having the case properly investigated by a competent attorney and without having any claims of innocence or unfairness presented or heard.In North Carolina, at least 16 death row inmates, including 3 who were executed, were represented by lawyers who have been disbarred or disciplined for unethical or criminal conduct. With all this being express regarding lawyers and the accused what do you think? Do you think if the accused had an expensive attorney that they would not be facing the death penalty and get spiritedness in prison instead? I guess that this is a question that we all would love to have the answer to. As they say money makes the world go round. Think of all the comprises that are involved with the death penalty. Tax payers pay to house, cloth, food, and the medical bills alone for this one inmate will cost us millions. All the millions of dollars that are spent on this one life can be used to better our communities, or schools, educate our children, who are our future.We should catamenia wasting money on rehabilitation for these inmates, and put the money into what is important, our children, the future of The US. I fully support the death penalty, it makes me so upset to think punt to the Cheshire, CT murders, the amount of money spent on two men who were caught at the scene of the crime, confessed to murdering an innocent woman and her kids, and beating her husband almost to death.They should have been executed the day after they committed that horrific crime. Instead, the government wasted and is still wasting millions of dollars on two criminals who do not deserve to count the light of day. Something needs to change in our government. I believe Connecticut should be more like Texas. A state that enforces Capital Punishment to the fullest. plentiful is enough Criminals should not be running our lives and getting away with murder, literally In conclusion, after reading all the facts stated above, how do you feel about the death penalty? Do you think we should be paying for these criminals to live in prison with a meal, a bed to sleep in, medical attention, and vesture on their backs? In my opinion the answer would be, no. Then again, everyone is entitled to their own opinion. The punishment should fit the crime, and I am all for an plaza for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, what about you?Works CitedBureau of Justice Statistics. 16 Feb. 2006. The U.S. Department of Justice. 29 Nov. 2006. Texas Department of Criminal Justice www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/dr_facts.html U.S. Death Penalty Facts Amnesty International USA, www.amnestyusa.org Death Penalty Information Deathpenaltyinfo.org

Baker V Osborne

Running Head Baker v Osborne study Corp. effect Study Unit 2 Baker v Osborne Development Corp. Bonnie Leipold LS311-37COBL Business Law Kaplan University March 12, 2013 In the case Baker v Osborne Development Corp. , Baker would be able to sue the builder since the court ruled the contract ambiguous. This was because at one point the contract read, shall be decided by the arbitrator and another point in the same section the contract read, to be determined by the arbitrator or by any court. The arbitrement agreement was procedurally and substantively unconscionable, since the arbitrement agreement was not included in any contract between the buyer and the builder. The arbitration agreement was contained in a describe document that the buyers were not asked to sign at the time of the property was purchased. The court found substantive unconscionably because it would be very unlikely for the builder to sue the buyer. arbitrament has become more known for court cases today.Arbitratio n not only avoids cost and delays for litigation but it puts the dispute in front of the arbitrator who has the expertise to perceive the case. States such as New York, New Jersey have consistently enforced arbitration of disputes governed by the FAA. (Berardo & Clemens, 2012) The NCR Corporation v Korala Associates LTD case said in enforcing a valid arbitration clause the courts must look at the entire contract to determine what goes to arbitration or goes to court.This case had many feasible arbitration situations two of them involved Korala obtaining software owned by NCR, APTRA XFS and S4i. Since only the APTRA XFS was included in the contract, only the situation involving the APTRA XFS software was sent to arbitration by the courts. The issue with S4i software would have to be taken to court. This is also the case with Baker v Osborne Development Corp. , The original contract did not include the arbitration clause in question and the buyers were allowed to sue the development company. ReferencesBaker v Osborne Development Corp. , 159 Cal. App. 4th 884,71CalRptr. 3d854 (2008) Miller, R. , & Jentez, G. (2010). The legal and constitutional envionment of business. In R. Dewey (Ed. ), Fundamentals of business law Summarized cases (8th ed. , pp. 90-91). Mason, OH southwestern United States Centgage Learning. Berardo, J. , & Clemens, J. (2012). Retrieved March 13, 2013 from http//claimes-management. theclm. org/home/article/ Arbitration-clauses-in-Construction-Contracts Retrieved, March 13, 2013 from http//www. ca6. uscourts. gov/opinions. pdf/08a0029p-06. pdf.

What Is It To Be A Reflective Teacher Education Essay

Student instructors should non be trained merely to execute accomplishments in certain prescribed ways exactly, must hold the mental tools to work on professional undertakings to be adaptable and critical to cognize, resourceful, and originative ( Howey & A Strom, 1987 ) . Student instructors should be coached in pondering pattern and attached greater independency in determination devising, as they fire larn to pattern these critical accomplishments and draw a bead on duty for their determinations, successes, and failures in order to develop into a professional instructor ( Becker 1962 Schon, 1984 ) . Therefore, it is of present moment to be recognize as a professional because it recognizes the world of mundane life in the civilizeroom as a instructor ( analyze Appendix 1, 2 and 7 )Teacher as a professionalIt is of import to see the graduated table of which instructors ar considered professionals. The standard attack of Hoyle and John ( 1995 ) leads to a figure of charact eristics that the signifiers the graduation of an business to be regarded as a professional, such as the definition of a profession in relation to its societal map centre, high accomplishment sight and independent decision-making and adaptability, etc. In consent with Hoyle and John ( 1995 ) , these steps ar systematic bothy demonstrated in learning patterns and are embedded as portion of the counsel criterions, ( See Appendix 1, 2 and 4 ) .It is of import to acknowledge that our cognition and touch of the countries plenty alter dramatically over clip. This determines its professional credibleness. This explains why some businesss now recognized as a professional, were non granted this acknowledgment in the yesteryear. For illustration, the complexness of the human organic structure was non known or understood until late. Simple solutions such as shed blooding patients for febrility, were used, and the limited cognition at the clip, appeared to work . Similarly, the undec omposable position of argument and acquisition, and the simple techniques, such as penalty, are applied and perceived as work . Just over a century physicians were non so different from members of other industries, and merely a olive-sized better than the therapist ( Berliner, 1987 ) . Medical instruction in Harvard, Massachusetts, dwelling of two semesters. The art of medical distinctive feature is taught mostly on the occupation . Presently, this is the instance with learning being taught on the occupation .Teachers are faint-hearted to which class they belong to semi-professional, tradespersons or professional ( Burke, 1996 ) . As a consequence, they are frequently diffident of what they clear truly inquire others such as, direction and ministerial organic structures or what demands other, such as parents, can do on them. Above all, they do non cognize what demands they should be doing of them. Expectations that a professional individual is considered suspend for t hemselves are evidently different and more hard than a tradespersons ( Schon, 1984 ) . In add-on, when instructors are seen as professionals, they are cognizant that the quality of good that is expected of them, as they expect it to be from professionals for their demands, such as medical, attorneies ( Burke, 1996 ) .Etzioni ( 1969 ) like some professions to be classified as semi-professionals. Harmonizing to him, the work twenty-four hours of a instructor is good adjust and capable to controls in countries, such as the demand for instructors to inform the parents about their kid s advancement, school reviews and the worldation of consequences of students in the rankings, to inform the independency of instructors. Therefore instructor can be seen as premier illustrations of semi-professionals.The Vision of Teacher as a professional allows broader parametric quantities for the entire development of instructors and learning. This should be an in effect(p) manner to better self- image and promoting instructors to get the hang the basic accomplishments of instruction and supply a better service to pupils and parents. Teachers are, after all, do and implement determinations every twenty-four hours and every hr that traces the life and the hereafter of their students and the populace assistance of their defer, ( See Appendix 1 and 2 Downie, 1990 ) . The more you are cognizant of this fact and others, including the discussion section for Education, recognize and accept its deductions, the better the instruction will thrive ( See Appendix 5 ) .What is it to be a brooding instructor?In instruction, brooding pattern refers to the development of instructors to analyze their ain instruction methods and find what works best for pupils. It implies instructors consider the ethical deductions of classroom processs on the students ( Barbara, 2000 ) .The thought of contemplation in action is the hunt for experiences that connect with our feelings, and go toing our the ories in usage. The instructor experiences surprise, perplexity, and confusion in a domain of affairs that is unsure or alone. They reflect the raise of affairs forward them, and use old sagaciousnesss that are already inexplicit in their behavior. The consequence is the building of clean cognition to inform our actions in the state of affairs that unfolds before us ( Schon, 1984 ) .Contemplation on action is later carried out after the state of affairs. This may intend composing notes, things to speak to a caput instructor, etc. The act of contemplation on action allows us to pass clip researching why we acted as we did, and so on. Therefore, we developed a new series of inquiries and thoughts about our pattern ( See Appendix 3 and 7 Myers, 2011 Schon, 1984 ) .In this manner we can acquire involved with a state of affairs that we do non hold a complete apprehension but, hopefully, we can avoid large jobs, while proving the Waterss . When sing a state of affairs in which we are predisposed by and utilize our repertory and our frame of mention. As we work, we can convey fragments of memories and get shine the building of edifice on our bing theories and appropriate responses to the new state of affairs ( See appendix 7 Myers, 2011 ) .Teachers in general, but possibly scientific discipline instructors in peculiar, have to confront new challenges all the clip in both what they teach ( because that is invariably developing and altering ) and how they teach it. This thought of reflection-in-action that was mentioned before where Schon ( 1984 ) identifies as being a more appropriate characteristic theoretical account for professionalism in quantify of alteration, requires instructors to take control of their professional acquisition and peculiarly to value the tacit cognition that they hold and which guides their schoolroom pattern. Becoming a professional scientific discipline instructor is non a instance of larning a predefined set of processs and a in active organic structure of cognition it is about prosecuting with a dynamic and exciting matter and confronting the challenges of showing to pupils in an accessible manner.One of the positive facets of a scientific discipline instructor s day-to-day life comes from working with others. Science instructors tend to work in sections. Indeed, there may be more contact and interaction between scientific discipline instructors than other capable specialisms, such as the demand to pass on with technicians on day-to-day footing to to the full fix a lesson, ( See Appendix 6 ) .DecisionThe art of brooding instruction must be personally fulfilling for instructors, but besides lead to a steady addition in the quality of instruction for kids. In fact, because it is evidence-based, brooding pattern in pupil instructors, freshly qualified instructors, staff and professionals with experience in meeting public presentation criterions and accomplishments. In the note, the construct of brooding ins truction focal points on ends, values, and societal effects of instruction ( See appendix 7 Myers, 2011 ) .